Semi k^waltsin in literatura^[0] ten moewtok tahk^wilol itech wehkaw nawatahtol, keme in ta:taman wehkaw nawatahtolmeh wan ten mosentokah motahtowah. Itech miak siglomeh mochiwtiwalahkeh miak ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh –ten pewak mochiwa itech in x siglo. s. K., keman nemiah in toltekameh– nehin tahk^wilolmeh kinextiah ta:taman tanemililmeh ten kipiayah in neminih. Ihkon, moewtok seki wehkaw nawatahk^wilolmeh ten pane moihk^wilohkeh semi wehkaw. Moihtowa, wan wehkaw amameh kite:ixmatiltiah, yolkeh keman mochiw in Toltekayot, nochi in k^waltsin tahk^wilolxo:chimeh toltekameh inaxka. Okseki tahk^wilolmeh semi motta yolkeh keman nemiah in mexicameh, mah sekihto, mochiwkeh itech itamian in ome siglomeh keman ayamo ehkoyah in españoles. Tatohtokah in tak^wilolmeh ten kinextiah in tanemilil keman ehkokeh in koyomeh oso kenin kikalakkawihkeh Anawak. Ika nehin motsak^wa in periodo keman moihk^wiloh in literatura nawatl.

Ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh mochiwkeh keman mokaltalikoh nikan in kaxtilantekameh itech in periodo colonial. Ihk^wak no yolik –ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh, seki ika taneltokalisk^wepayah, confesionarios, autosacramentales wan tahk^wilolwetskitilismeh comedias– in literatura nawatl kampa ixnesi in tanemilil cristianismo. No mochiw okseki ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh keme cronicas, nek^wikatilmeh wan xochitahtolmeh ten kichiwkeh mexikakayomeh. No ihkon, ne:sik itech in xvi a xviii siglohmeh, okseki miak tahk^wilolmeh: cartas, solicitudes de mercedes, talamameh, testamentos, wan okseki miak ta:taman nawatahk^wilolmeh ten kichiwkeh nikan kayomeh takameh kampa ixnesi kenin motahtowiayah.

In nawatahk^wilolmeh pewkeh poliwih itamian in xviii siglo. Wehka yetoya mah mochikawalti in tahtol, keman tamik in Independencia de México, poliwtiahki in nawatahk^wilol. Miakeh kite:ixpantiliah, in nawatahtol keme in nawatahk^wilol sa achi poliwih. Keme mosentokak motahtoh itech in ta:taman we:wehka xolalmeh kayomeh Mexico, in tahtol ma:kisak. Ipewyan in xx siglo wan okachi keman tatanik in Revolución itech in 1910, pewak oksepa ixnesi in tahtol ten wehkawak moewtoya itech i:nyolo tokniwan. In tahtol pewak kimakixtiah mexikameh wan koyomeh wehka kayomeh, etnólogos wan lingüistas.

Miakkan tekititoyah, sekin tamatinih pewkeh tatemowah itech in wehkaw nawatahtol ten kiamatalihkeh. Motasohkamatilia Ángel María Garibay K. (1892-1967) kipewaltih wan kitasohittak in wehkaw nawatahk^wilolmeh no kintokaitiah de tradición prehispánica ika semi yektanemilil.^[1] Ipewyan in década omepowal wan mahtak, momiakchiw in tahk^wiloltamakixtil wan pewak kite:ixmatiltiah in wehkaw literatura nawatl.

No ihkon, mosentokak in tatemolis itech in yank^wik nawaxolalmeh, miak nek^wikatilmeh wan tapowalmeh amo sempoliwkeh. Itech semi yank^wik xiwmeh, pewak oksepa momiakchiwah in tahk^wilolmeh ten achto sayo we:wehka mochiwtoyah: nesik in expresiones literarias ten yolik itech i:ntanemilil tokniwan ten kisentokakeh tahtokeh intenantahtol. Ihkon mochiwtiahki se yank^wik tahtol, “yank^wik tlahtolli”, yank^wik literatura nawatl.

Itech nochin nehin siglomeh moihk^wiloh nikan México ta:taman k^waltsin tahk^wilol. Nikan ixnesi ten mochiwtiwits wan no tiknextiah katie wekaw amameh itech timopalewihkeh. Tiknextiah in ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh ten okachi tsonkiskeh itech nehin literatura.

Amo wel moihtowa kemanian pewak mochiw in nawatahk^wilolmeh, in amameh amo kinextiah kemanian yolik nehin literatura. Ihkon keme itech okseki tahtolmeh ten kite:ixpantiliah okseki ta:taman tanemililmeh amo momati kemanian mochiwkeh, in nawatl amo no moixmati kemanian yolik, nion kemanian pewak mochihchiwa ik^walneskayo ten k^wika expresiones literarias. Moihtowa, seki teotiwakameh kipiakeh keme inaxkatahtol, se tahtol tahtamati nawatl, ika in fonema t ipatka λ(tl).^[2] Como melaw ihkon, pewa itech in III wan ahsi itech in vii siglo, keman mochikawaltih in altepet Teotihuacan, ompa moihtohkeh seki nek^wikatilmeh wan okseki nawatahk^wilolmeh.

In tradición prehispánica ten sa:tepan kayot –keman nemiah in mexikameh– Kiololowa ome tanemililmeh wan kinmaktiliah in teotiwakatekameh.^[3] Se in tanemilil motennamiki iwan ten satepan kinextia in arqueología.^[4] Kinte:ixmatiltiah tamatinih ten kalyetoya sen atenkopa ten ontacha Golfo de México, yehwan kipiayah in tapowaltonalmeh, in tahk^wilol wan in amoxtli, ompa kintokaitiah k^wikamatl, “amameh ten kinextiah k^wikameh”, wan temikamatl “amameh ten kinextia takochitalmeh”.^[5] Intenk^wowyoyan katkah teopanweyite:ixyekananih wan tamatinih (¿in wehkaw olmekatekameh?) ten kipanoltihkeh in taixmatil, wan ten okachi satepan kichiwkeh Teotihuacan.

In okse amate:ixpantil kipia se k^wikat ten no yetok ompa itech in wehkaw tapowal, kihtowa kan tahtamitih ten mikih Teotihuacan. Ta:kan nehin k^wikat melaw powi itech in altepet kampa nemih teomeh“Ciudad de los dioses”, ompa tikpiaskiah in okachi wehkaw k^waltsin tahk^wilol creación literaria ten moixmati itech in nawaxolalmeh. Se oso ome siglomeh okachi wehkaw tayekanaskiah achto nesiskiah in wehkaw tapowaltanemililmeh ten ixnesih itech in kodisehmeh prehispánicos i:naxka mixtekameh, kayomeh ne Oaxaca. Nehin kodisehmeh kimahmawkeh in Toltecáyotl, nehin satepan motenewa moitowa kichiwkeh in wehweyi altepemeh (Tollan) semi k^wali tanemilil ompa kiteixpantiliah.^[6] In k^wikat no yaskia miak centurias okachi yekinpa tahk^wilol komo tiknewiliah iwan in wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh ten moewtokeh itech in wehweyi mayahte:kameh intenepankalwan.^[7]

Amo sayo tiknekih tikchikawaskeh in tanemilil wan tikta:liliskeh in k^wikat miak xiwmeh wan kema, mah tiknewilikan iwan xiwmeh keman tsonkisak Teotiwakan (v-vii siglohmeh s. K.), tiknemiliah, nahon tanemilil yolik keman nemiah in mexikameh. Ihkon keme k^wikameh ten nesih itech okseki tahk^wilolmeh, nehin moyekchihchiwtiahki keme panotiahkeh in xiwmeh, xa itech intanemilil in toltekameh Tula kayomeh (ix oso x siglo s. K. In tanemilil ten kite:ixmatiltia nehin k^wikat motennamiki iwan ten kinextiah okseki te:ixmatilmeh arqueológicos teotiwakatekameh i:naxka.

In wehkaw tahk^wilol ten moahok^wik itech in Códice Florentino kampa kixnextia kenin katkah in mexikameh tamatinih, kitohtoka se tahk^wilol wan ompa kipowa kenin katka Teotihuacan wan toni kihtosneki nochi yehwa:

Ompa ki:ntokeh in wehweyi tahtoanihmeh, yehika kitokaitihke Teotihuacan. No kihtowayah: keman timikih, amo melaw timikih, nohma tiyoltokeh, tiihsa, yehwan techixpahpaktiah.

Ihkon kixpantiliayah in miket. Kinohnotsayah keman katka takat, kite:newayah keme teottsin, wan kitokainotsayah K^wek^wextsin; kiliayah Chamotsin komo katka siwat:

Xiihsa, in elwikak chichilewikya
in wehka k^walkan ehkokya,
mok^wikatiah to:tomeh kahkawaktikeh,
in k^wik^witskanimeh mihmiliktikeh,
patanihya in pa:pa:lomeh…^[8]

Nehin chichikchin wan semi k^waltsin tahk^wilol, kiixpantiliayah  in miket ten kitokayah Teotihuacan, pane tahtamati iwan in tepantapal ten moahsik itech in weyi kali ne Tepantitla, Teotihuacan, motokayixmati keme “In Tlalocan” oso ixochitalpa teotsin ten takiowiltia. Itaihitalwan nehin teotsin ten ompa ki:ntokayah yayah tak^walian, taman keme in okseki mikemeh ten kinchichinowayah. Ompa oksepa yoliah, ihsayah. Panowayah i:nnemilis itech se tal kampa tanestoya, onkaya to:tomeh wan pa:pa:lomeh semi k^waltsitsin ten kinehnemiliayah ika ik^walneskayo in k^wikat.  

Ihkon keme okseki wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh mexikakayomeh, ten motenewkehya ahko, tsonkisah ome rasgos ten semi ixnesi itech in literatura nawatl. Se keman ome tanemililmeh mosenwikah: “in elwikak chichilewikya/ in wehka k^walkan ehkokya…” In okse i:ne:skayo yeh in tahtol ten ika kinextia in tapalmeh, nikan in tik^weyax wan in takawantil ta:taman tanemilil kihtosneki keman kinetechtaliliah to:tomeh, wan okachi semi keman k^wik^witskanimeh oso pa:pa:lomeh.

Okseki tahk^wilolmeh witseh keman k^weponik oso tsonkisak  in melaw Toltecáyotl, kampa ixnesih nochi in tahk^wilolmeh ten kichiwkeh in toltekatekameh. Seki tahk^wilolmeh ten motokainotsah huehuehtlahtollli, kinextiah in “wekaw tahtol”, no ompa kayomeh ten satepan kite:ixmatiltihkeh itech seki xolalmeh ten yetoyah okachi wehka kampa motahtowaya in nawatahtol. No moewtok seki nek^wikatilmeh wan xochitahtolmeh ten moololohkeh wan kinsentalihkeh itech iyoh se tekit kitokaytiah tradición prehispánica, ihkon kite:ixmatiltiah nawatahtoanih.

Tahk^wilolmeh ten yetokeh itech in huehuehtlahtolli wan acha no powih itech in Toltecáyotl, nesih oraciones, ten ika kinohnotsayah Tezkatlipoka. “teskat ten popoka”, in ten katka “yowal wan ehekat”, ihkon kinextia Ometeotl, ten ohpatika teotsin. Keman tiktenewah in yank^wik mexika literatura, tiknextia in género huehuehtlahtolli, yekintsin sayo yeh nikan tikte:ixpantilitih.

No ihkon, tiktenewah se nek^wikatil ten tahtamati i:ntanemilil toltekameh. Nehin amatachihchiw motokayixmati keme Historia tolteca-chichimeca oso Anales de Cuauhtinchan. Itech nein códice ixnesih te:ixmatilmeh nawatahk^wilolmeh pictográficas wan miak tahk^wilolmeh jeroglíficos. Nahon tahk^wilol kisentilia se tapowal kampa ixnesi wehkaw tapalmeh wan glifos ten nesi keme se tahk^wilol tanemilil oso comentario. Okachi taixpa tikte:ixmatiltiskeh keman tiktenewaskeh in mexikayot, in amameh wan kodisehmeh ten kichiwkeh tamatinih nikan kayomeh ika i:ntahk^wilol, ompa nesi ta:taman tahk^wilol pictográficos, ideográficos, fonéticos, wan tahk^wiloltanemililmeh ten kichikawayah in tahk^wilol wan momatiliayah itech in teopankaltamachtiloyan.

In k^wikat ten nikan tiknextiah kinek^wikatihkeh satepan keman wetsik in weyi altepet toltekat, itech in xii siglo s.K. Ihkon kite:ixpantilia se mexikanemini. Ome toltekatakameh, Icxicóhuatl wan Quetzaltewéyak, ahsih tekal kampa chanyetoyah seki nehneminih kintokaitiayah chichimekameh wan kinyolewkeh mah mosenyolchikawakan. Kinilwihkeh: “Tiwitseh tamechkixtikih itech nehin namonemilis”. In chichimekameh ten yetoyah tekaltampa tahtankeh mah kinnextilikan se k^wikat ten ika mote:ixmatiltiskeh. In toltekameh mok^wikatihkeh se wehkaw k^wikat. Ompa moelnamikih tanemililmeh wan miakeh kiaxkatiliayah nahon tanemilil in weyi teopanweyitahtoanih Quetzalcóatl. Nikan tiknextiah in wehkaw k^wikat:

Kampa tikmatih,
kampa tikmatih tite:ixyekanah,
ompa kimati noweyi te:ixyekankaw.
Teskat ten kinextia ten onkak.
Yowihya, kiahsikamatihya,
Ximotawanti, ximotawanti,
te:ixyekana in Ometeotsin,
ten ki:nnehnemilih in takameh,
Teskat ten kinextia ten onkak.^[9]

Nein wehkaw k^wikat kite:ixpantialia in taneltokalis wan pane no in ehekatanemilmeh. Oksepa ixnesih in tanemililmeh ten mosenwikah. Nikan kixnextia in chikawaktahtol wan te:yolewa mah moyekte:makakan. Mah se kitenyeko ten techtapololtia. In Ometeotsin techkawas mah tikmachilikan wan mah tikixmatikan itanemilil. Komo itech in huehuehtlatolli, kampa ixnesi in “wehkaw tahtol”, ten moihtowa pane toltekayot, kinohnotsah Tezcatlipoca, “Teskat ten popoka”, nikan kinotsah Tezcatlanextía, “Teskat ten tatanextia”.

Nehin amatahk^wilolmeh, ika miak netasohtalis wan yektachalis, in mexikameh wan okseki nawaxolalmeh kipowkachiwayah nehin tanemilmeh ten kipia in Toltecáyotl. Miakan itech in anales wan itech in k^wikameh kitenahkoketsayah keman Quetzalcóatl kichiw miak k^wali tekit talpanian kampa nemik. Itech in Toltecáyotl moahsi in taktso kampa tenyetok in literatura nawatl ten satepan k^weponik.

Keman motenewa “época mexica” oso mexikayot taixk^wi ome siglomeh achtopa walkalakiskiah españoles Anawak. Amo sayo tikinelnamikih in mexikameh oso astekameh, moneki mah moelnamiki in tahk^wilolmeh ten kichiwkeh itech okseki nawaxolalmeh ten no nenkeh ihk^wak.                                       

Achto tikitaskeh kenin ehkok tomako in literatura nawatl, moneki mah tikelnamikikan in ta:taman nechikolmeh ten yetoyah ihk^wak wan kinemilihkeh kiewaskeh in wehkaw tanemililmeh. Itech in teopankaltamachtiloyan, in calmecac, wan no itech in telpochcalli, “kali kampa momachtiayah telpokameh”, cuicacalli, “kalli kampa mok^wikatiayah wan ompa kiewayah in amoxmeh, tamachtiayah ika ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh ten momatiliayah: k^wikameh, tapowalmeh, anales, huehuetlahtolli, wan amate:ixmatil ten kinextiaya in wehkaw tahtol”.^[10]

Kisentoka moewtokeh axkan seki amameh oso “kodisehmeh” prehispánicos kampa ixnesi inta:taman tanemilil in nawaxolalmeh. Moewtok mak^wil amatahk^wilolmeh moihtowa powih itech in “grupo Borgia”, se in amatahk^wilol, ten okachi weyi, iaxka katka in cardenal Stéfano Borgia, yehika ihkon kitokaitihkeh. Nahon códice axkan moewtok itech in Biblioteca Vaticana. Nehin amoxmeh wan in okseki ten mochiwkeh keman pewak in conquista, kinextiah taneltokalistanemililmeh wan tapowaltonalmeh.^[11] Ika tapalmeh wan signos jeroglíficos kinextiayah in teomeh ten okachi tsonkisayah, ika i:nk^walneskayo, in ta:taman tamanalismeh wan ilwimeh. No kinextiah in tapowaltonalmeh ten ika kimatiah in tonalli oso kenin yaskiah intonalwan, nehin amoxmeh sayo se tanemilil kisempiah. Kinextiah kenin  mosenwikah in takameh iwan in teomeh itech in taneltokalis keman mochiw in taltikpak,wan kenin maski panotiowih in tonalmeh nahon tanemililmeh amo poliwkeh.

Amo sayo nehin amatahk^wilolmeh mochiwke ten kinextiah in taneltokalistanemilil-tonalamat, no moixmatih okseki tahk^wilolmeh kampa kite:ixpantiliah in wehkaw tapowalmeh. Itech seki tahk^wilolmeh tsonkisa in wehkaw tanemilil, keme ten motokaitia Tira de la peregrinación, i:nnehnemilis in mexikameh, ika tapalmeh wan signos jeroglíficos mochihchiw in tapowal. Itech nehin amoxti in tapowal pewa keman nawameh kistewah ne Aztlán Chicomóztoc, mosentoka in tapowal ika nochi ten kimpanotiw keman nehnemih wan tami keman ahsi Chapultepec kampa mochantaliah wan ompa mokawah seki xiwmeh.^[12] Moewtokeh miak amoxmeh kampa kinextiah in wehkaw tanemilil. Miakeh nahon wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh moixkopinkeh wan moewtoyah in amataixtakopinalmeh sa:tepan mochiw in conquista.^[13] Nehin tanemilil tikahsiskeh itech in Códice Xolotl, ompa k^wali tiktohtokas in tapowal wan tikmatis kenin katka Tezcoco achto te:ixyekanaskia in xochitahtoanih Nezahualcóyotl, wan no keman yehwa mochiw weyi xiwtekiwani. In glifos wan in tapalmeh ten kipia nehin códice kemansa no nesi iwan glosas nawatahk^wilolmeh.^[14] Itech nahon glosas pewa in tapowaltanemilil ten momatiliayah in momachtianih itech in wehkaw kaltamachtilmeh.

Itech nahon kaltamachtilmeh, keme nesi itech in Códice Florentino,

Kinmachtiayah in telpokameh in ye:ktahtol… Kinmachtiayah nochi in versos ten kipia se k^wikat wan monek^wikatiayah, i:ntokai katka teok^wikameh, nahon versos ihk^wiliwtokeh itech i:namoxwan ika caracteres…
No ki:nnextiliayah kenin tonaltapowaskeh, toni kihtosneki in takochitalis wan in xiwtapowalmeh.^[15]

Maski keman mochiw in conquista miak wehkaw amoxmeh poliwkeh, in wehkaw tanemililmeh ome ta:taman momakixtihkeh. Seki tatepotstokanih nawameh kichiwkeh kodisehmeh kampa kisentilihkeh in wehkaw arte pictográfico, jeroglífico wan in wehkaw tapowalmeh ten momatialiayah. Nehin tekit ten satepan mochiw motasohkamatilia nawaneminih ten welkeh kihk^wilohkeh in alfabeto itech in yank^wik xiwmeh, ika nepalewil frailes keme Pedro de Gante. Ihkon moihk^wilohkeh in Anales de la Nación Mexicana oso Manuscrito de Tlatelolco nepawin itech 1528, okse te:ixmatil, yeh in Historia tolteca-chichimeca ten moihk^wiloh itech 1547.

Semi motasohkamati in tekit ten kichiwkeh in frailes keman pewkeh kimakixtiah in wehkaw literatura, ika i:ntatepotstokalis kimatkeh kitasohitaskeh nek^wikatilmeh, tapowalmeh wan anales ten semi wehkaw kayomeh. Tsonkisa itech nehin tekit Fray Andrés de Olmos ten ehkok México itech 1528, wan iaxka Fray Bernandino de Sahagún, ten walah  se xiwit satepan. Nehin satepan tiktenewah kiololoh miak tahk^wilolmeh wan kinixyekanak nawameh momachtianih, nehinkeh kisentokakeh in tamakixtiltekit wan tahk^wiloltekit. Ihkon momakixtihkeh colecciones nawanek^wikatilmeh ten moelkawkayah, no ihkon miak huehuehtlahtolli, kampa mote:ixpantiltia in “wehkaw tahtol”, miak anales wan okseki ta:taman tapowalmeh. Tikte:ixpantilihkeh kenin ehkok tomako in wehkaw nawatahk^wilolmeh, no motokayixmatih keme literatura nawatl, ompa no nesi referencias ten kite:ixmatiltiah kan kayomeh, axkan tiknextitih in géneros ten moixmatih wan okachi tsonkiskeh keman nenkeh in mexikameh.

Itech in nochi in wehkaw nawatahk^wilolmeh, ixnesi in cuícatl, tanemilil ten no: kihtosneki  “k^wikat, himno, xochitahk^wilol”, wan in tlahtolli, ten kihtosneki “tahtol oso tapowal”. Ika nochi iowihkayo, moihtowa, in k^wikameh powih itech in xochitahtoltahk^wilolmeh, wan kipiah ritmo wan tamachiw. In tlahtolli k^wali monewilis iwan in tahk^wilolmeh ten motokaixmatih keme prosa.

Itech in nawaxolalmeh in k^wíkatl yoli itech i:nyolo in neminih, ompa no kinextiah ten kimachiliah wan ten kimatih. No ixnesi in yolote:nohnotsalis. Amo sayo in ritmo wan in tamachiw; in entonación, ten kisewika in tatsotson ik^walneska in k^wikatl. Semi miak ta:taman tahk^wiloltanemililmeh kichiwkeh in nawameh.

Itech in tlahtolli, tahtol, tapowal, te:nohnotsalis, ompa yowi in tatemolis wan in taixmatil, ten k^wali yaski wehkaw tanemilil oso ta:taman tanemililmeh keme sociales, políticas, taneltokalistanemililmeh wan económicas.

Itech nehin ome wehweyi géneros, in cuicatl wan in tlahtolli, miak ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh ompa powih. Ten motenewah tikinahsih itech in wehkaw amatahk^wilolmeh. Ihkon tikmatih kenin in nawameh kiyehyektalihkah i:nnawatahk^wilolwan.

I:nk^walneskayo in k^wikameh

Ik^walneskayo in cuícatl motenewya okachi ahko, in ritmo wan in tamachiw. Itech in wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh yetok ome imahsika ten techkawa mah tikpowkachiwakan ik^walneskayo in cuicatl. Ipewyan seki k^wikameh nesi miak tahk^wiloltanemililmeh, taixkakalakil, wan kemansa nesi itamian imahsika in k^wikatahk^wilol. Keme nehin nesiah in tahk^wiloltanemililmeh: toco, tocoti, toco, toco…; tocoto, tocoti, toco, toco. Itech in amatahk^wilol Cantares mexicanos ten moewa itech in Biblioteca Nacional de México yetok se tahk^wilol ten kite:ixmatiltia, ika nahon sílabas kinextiayah kenin kakisti. No ihkon, seki tatemowanih keme Garibay, kihtowah, sehsemeh nahon sílabas ten ompa ixnesih, xa powih itech se nota escala pentáfona. No nesi itech in cuícatl okse género ten kineskayotiah keme “unidades no-léxicas”, wan kihtowah xa marcadores oso imahsika in tamachiw seki tahk^wilolmeh. Tiknextiah seki tamahxitil amo-léxicas: aya, iya, huiya, ohuaya…

Itech in cuícatl estilística mota kenin mahmasitok wan kenin mose:sentoka iyoh se tanemilil itech in tahk^wilolmeh. No Ihkon, okseki tahk^wilolmeh ten moxe:xelowah itech ta:taman “conjuntos o unidades de expresión”, ixnesih ohomen. Amo sayo se a:nkatanemilil nesi, kemansa motennamikih in tanemililmeh, maya: motemowa ta:tamankopa in tema ten nesi itech in tahk^wilolmeh. Ihkon, tikte:ixmatiltiah itech nehin fragmento se nek^wehmolk^wikat kampa motenahkoketsa in netewil.

Moloniya, mopatawaya
mok^we:k^we:lohtiw in tik^weyax.
Tikta:ntiowihya in netatanil,
Mote:ixmatiltihtokya in chimalli,
itech in taihsanatsaloni mahok^wi in ta:lnex.
Amo keman tamis in nek^wehmolxochit,
ompa yetok ateno,
k^wak^wepontiwya…^[16]

Itech in xochitahtol, in xochitahtoani kixochitalia in netewil, techixpantilia semi Kipowkachiwa nahon tanemilil wan kiyekitta keman kitanih in xolalmeh.

In frases ten mosenwikah, ihkon keme no ixnesi itech okseki wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh, i:nk^walneskayo wan semi mose:sentoka itech in nawatahk^wilolmeh. Semi miak ejemplos yetokeh. Mah tikitakan nehin tahk^wilol ten kipia semi se chikawak tanemilil kampa kinextia kenin nemih in takameh nikan taltikpak:

Toni kitepotstokaya motanemilil?
¿Kan nemia moyolo?

Yehika tiktemaka itech tehteisa moyolo,
amo tikmati kan tik^wika.

Tik^wehwelohtiw moyolo,
sen talpanian, ¿k^wali tias ik^witapa teisa?^[17]

Okse imahsika in k^wíkatl motokaitia difrasismo. “In mochiwa keman ome metáforas mosentiliah, wan kisentemakah iyo se tanemilil.^[18] Itech in nawa difrasismos walkisah ten nikan tiknextiah: “xochit, k^wikat” (xochitahtol, arte); “greda, ihwit” (i:nchihchiwka in tatewianih: in netewil); “k^weit, pantaken” (siwat oso isiwayo in siwat); “tapech” (te:ixyekanalis); “jade, k^wesalihwit” (k^walneskayot)…

Okse ik^walneska in k^wikatl nesi itech in imágenes wan métaforas, wan keme mota kan kayot amo moixpolowa iwan okseki tahk^wilolmeh. Ten okachi ixnesih kielnamikih xochimeh wan innechihchiw kemeh ikorolas wan inta:taman tapalmeh; in to:tomeh, pa:pa:lomeh wan okseki ok^wilimeh, ten okachi tsonkisah yehwan in k^wawtiameh wan in oselomeh; in taol keme taoltet, sinti, wan k^wawtakiloni, ten te:ixpanoltia, tak^wal ten ika motekipanowah in neminih; in tatsotsonalonimeh keme in huehuetl, in teponaztli , in tlapitsalli, ayakachti, oyohualli. Timatamih ika nehin tapowalte:tekpanalis, wan no moneki mah tikelnamikikan in miak ta:taman tanemilil ten k^wika se tahk^wilol. Ika nehin  wan ika okseki recursos estilísticos, in k^wikatahk^wiloanih, ten motokayixmatih wan ten amo, kichiwkeh ta:taman k^wikameh, wan ta:taman motokayixmatih, ta:taman tanemilil kite:ixmatiltiah.

In teok^wikameh

Moihtowa, in momachtianih momatiliayah itech in calmécac oso teopankaltamachtiloyan. Ten moewkeh tsonkisah in sempowal yeknek^wikatilmeh himnos sacros ten kitahk^wilolpanolti Sahagún. Mok^wikaihtowayah ika tatsotson itech nochi in xiwit. Kemansa amo sekimati tonikihtosneki in tanemilil. In tahk^wilolmeh ten okachi wehkaw kayomeh moihk^wilohkeh teopankaltamachtiloyan. Nikan tiknextiah se chichikchin tahk^wilol ten ika kinohnotsa in siwateot ten tamakaltia mah nochipa onka toni k^waskeh in takameh, kinotsah keme ixnesi itech in tonalamat Chicomekoatl, in tonal “Chikome-Ko:wat”:

Chikomesinti, ximoketsaya,
¡Xiihsa! Ah, ye Toweyi Nantsin.
Teh titechkawas mikakawalmeh:
Teh tiwya mochan,
Ne: Tlalocan, ixochitalpa teotsintakiowiltiani.^[19]

In nek^wehmolk^wikameh

Cuauhcuícatl, ocelo-cuícatl, yaocuícatl, miak ta:taman to:kaimeh kipiayah nehin tahk^wilolmeh. Ompa kintsonkixtiayah in mexikanetatanilis oso oksekin. Ika nehin xochitahtolmeh tatahtamachiwayah, mihtotiayah, tatsotsonayah wan mok^wikatiayah. Semi miakeh in nek^wehmolk^wikameh ten moewtokeh. Seki ika kitsonkixtiah in yolchikawalis wan imikilis in mexikatahtoani Tlacahuepan, ten momikilih itech in netewil. Itech semeh nahon k^wikameh walkisa nehin tahk^wilol.

In tayekananih ika chimali tiktapalwia
wan ika in tepostsopon tikihk^wilowa in netewil.
Ika ihwit timoyekchihchiwa,
ika istaksokit timoixtapalwia,
oh Tlacahuepan,
wan kema tias timotatitiw…

Tikampexontok titsahtsi
wan mitsnankilia in chichilk^wawtia…
Oselotapaltik yetok mok^wikaw,
Keme k^wawtia wiwiyoka moxochiw,
oh tahtoani Tlacahuepan…^[20]

Xochik^wikatl, xopank^wíkatl “taselopank^wikat”

Nehin omen tokaimeh iyo se tanemilil kite:ixpantiliah. Kemansa motenewtok iyo se k^wikat keman motenewa xochicuícatl oso xopancuícatl. Nehin k^walneskayot kichikawa in tanemilil keman motenewa nochi in k^wali ten onkak taltikpak, in ikniyot wan in netasohtalis, in xochik^walneskayot wan in xochitahtolpa:kilis. Moihtosneki, in k^wikameh semi k^waltsin kakistih, kipiah “tono lírico”. Nikan tiknextiah se k^wikat maski amo moixmati akoni iaxka:

Nikan axkan mah onkakan tokniwan!
Ahsik in tonal keman timoixmatiskeh.
Sayoh ika xochit moahok^wis tok^wikat.

Yaski tiahkehyah ikalihtik 
sayo totahtol
Kisentokas yoltos nikan taltikpak…^[21]

Iknok^wikatl

Nehin tahk^wilolmeh kinextiah i:nchikawak tanemilil in wehkawnawameh. Sekin nehin tahk^wiloanih motokayixmati wan monemi:lisixmatih, wan sekin amo. Itech in tahk^wilol yoli tamatahtanil keme keyeh ta:taman nemi:lis tech netaliliah in tonalmeh, in nepololis ten onkak, in miki:lis, toni kisentoka keman witsa tomiki:lis, wan kox welis kemansa timotokiskeh iwan tote:iskaltihkaw.

Se weyixochitahtoani ten no semi moixmati yeh in teskokohnenkeh Nezahualcóyotl (1402-1472) okachi sa:tepan tiktenewaskeh. Yeh iaxka nehin xochitahtol:

Neh Nezahualcóyotl, mimatahtani:
Cox nemelaw senalwayohtoktok se nemi talpanian?
Amo nochipa talpanian,
nikan sayo tepitsin.

Maski mah chalchiwit tapani,
maski mah teok^witat kotoni,
maski mah k^wesaltotoihwit tsayani.
Amo nochipa talpanian,
nikan sayo tepitsin.^[22]

Awilk^wikat, k^wek^wexk^wikat: “k^wikameh ten te:yolpaktiah”, “k^wikameh ten tek^wek^weyotsah”

Seki nehin k^wikameh kinextihkeh frailes keme Diego Durán, nehin k^wikameh ki:naxkatilih in “siwameh ten amo yeknemih wan takameh ten semi siwanemih”.^[23] Nehin tahk^wilolmeh kite:ixpantiliah in yolpakilis wan in ta:taman netasohtalis. Ompa tikpiah miak semi k^waltsin temas ten ixnesih itech in nawaxochitahtolmeh. Se nehin k^wikat ten okachi moixmati i:nnemian in mexikameh, kihk^wiloh Aquiauhtzin kayot Ayapanko (xv siglo) xolal ten yetok semi amo wehka Amecameca, ompa witsa nehin tahk^wilol:

Niwala nikyolpaktiko
noxochisiwayan,
no nohnel teno.
Nikneki in takat,
in nohnel Axayakatl.
Xikita noxochitapal: no chichiwalwan…^[24]

Nehin xochitahtol, powi itech in “canto de las mujeres guerreras de Chalco”, kihk^wilohkeh itech in xiwit 13-akat (1479) wan no ihk^wakkopa mok^wikaihtoh iixteno in tahtoani Axayakatl itech in weyikali ten yetok  México. Semi k^welkakik “wan moaxkatilih”, ihkon kihtowa se cronista nikan kayot.

Miak ta:taman awilakailwimeh

Miak ta:taman k^wikameh,mok^wikaihtowayah ika tatsotson, wan kemansa, no ika neihtotil. Ihkon, in teocuícatl “teok^wikameh” amo keman poliwiah itech in taneltokalisilwimeh nochi in xiwit. In yaocuícatl, “nek^wehmolk^wikameh”, oksepa kinyolitiayah ika neihtotilmeh wan tatsotsonalis keman kite:ixpantiliayah in netatanilis oso in tapololis itech in netewilis. Ihkon motenewa in “Universo de la fiesta” oso “miak ta:taman ilwimeh”, itech in ixneskayo- ahsikamatilis ten powi itech in wehkaw México. In taneltokalis nowian moixmoyaw, momachiliaya itech i:ntaneltokalis wan itech i:nneskayo asikamatilis in mexikameh. Amo mah motamanitta in owihkayoilwimeh ten satepan mochiwkeh in ten mote:ixpantiliayah wan mosenyolchikawayah iwan tatsotsonalis wan neihtotilis. Keman ehkokeh in españoles in mexikameh kipiayah se ilwite:ixyekanalis ten kihtowaya kenin mah mochiwa in tatahtamachiwalis in neihtotilmeh, in tatsotsonalis, nek^wikatil keme himnos wan okseki k^wikameh.

Itech in taneltokalis tsonkisak se tanemilil iwkitik keme in teatro. Ompa mosentiliayah teopanweyiteixyekananih, momachtianih wan oksekin. Nochin ten k^welitayah mokalakiskeh itech nehin awilakailwimeh, kemansa moixxahxayaktiayah wan ta:taman mochihchiwayah, monohnotsayah iwan in teomeh wan iwan okseki ta:taman tatahtamachiwanih. Ika nehin tanemilil, kinehnemiliayah wan kite:ixpantiliayah in wehkaw tapowalmeh, taneltokalismeh wan okseki tanemililmeh ten mochiwkeh wan okachi tsonkiskeh. Nehin wehkawtanemilil wehkawak mosentokak kite:ixmatiltihkeh wan ompa kite:ixpantiliayah kenin mochiwtiw in taselisyot. Moewtok amatahk^wilolmeh kampa kinextiah ten nikan timitstapowihtokeh. Kite:ixpantiliah kenin katkah in ilwimeh: kintenewah in ilwimeh itech in kaxtol wan eyi sehsempowal tonalmeh ten mochiwaya itech nochi in xiwit, no ihkon nesi itech in wehkaw tapalmeh kampa no kineskayotiah nahon ilwimeh. Aken kinekis kitepotstokas nehin tanemilil mah kitemo itech in amoxmeh ten nikan tiktenewah: Florentino, Borbónico, Magliabecchi, Tudela, de Durán, Telleriano- Remensis wan oksekin.

K^wikatahk^wiloanih ten motokayixmatih

Seki xochitahtoanih ten kihk^wilohkeh k^wikameh, motokayixmatkeh. In wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh kintokaite:ixmatiltiah. Miakeh tahk^wilolmeh inaxka tahk^wiloanih ten kipiayah noble linaje, keme no ihkon mochiwaya itech in okseki  wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh itech in wehkaw talpan. Itech in obra Trece poetas del mundo azteca ixnesi bibliografía wan okseki tekimeh ten kichiwkeh oksekin te:machtianih.^[25]

Itech in tak^wilolmeh kampa moewtok k^wikameh ten moihk^wilohkeh itech nawatahtol, tokayixnesih oksekin, maski miakeh tahk^wilolmeh amo motokayixmati akoni kinihk^wiloh, sekin kema, wan ompa nesi kenin katka i:nnemilis in tahk^wiloanih, ten kayomeh México-Tenochtitlan wan ten kayomeh Tezcoco, Tlaxcala, Puebla xolalmeh wan Chalco-Amekameka. Nikan amo wel tikinte:ixpantiliah se sempowaltahk^wiloanih, yehika sayo omensa tikintenewatih.

Nezahualcóyotl semi motokayixmati, yolik Tezcoco itech in xiwit 1-Tochti (1402). Semi pili momachti itech in calmécac ne altepet kampa yolik. Semi kitepotstokak  in Toltecáyotl, in artes wan in toltekayonematilis. Keman kipiaya kaxtol wan se xiwit kitak kenin in tepanekatekameh Azkapotzalco kayomeh kimiktilihkeh itat Ixtlilxóchit, katka altepetayekankeh Tezcoco. Nezahualkóyotl nemik ika tanemilil, kisenmetstemohtoya. Semi k^watamatke katka, moolocho iwan mexikameh wan ki:ntanik inexikolikniwan, ihkon yeh mochiw altepetayekankeh. Kimaktilihkeh in te:ixyekanalis itech in xiwit 1431. Kipatkawihkeh keman momikilih itech in xiwit 6-tet (1472); semi k^wali te:ixyekanak, kichiw miak k^wali tekit, tsonkisak itech iyektahtol, inematilis wan itech in k^wikatahk^wilolmeh ten techkawilih.^[26]

Iaxka moewtok sempowal wan mahtak tahk^wilolmeh.^[27] Yehwan kixnextiah in tanemilil kampa momatahtaniah in tonemilis nikan talpanian.  Moihtowa Nezahualcóyotl, katka se tlamatini, te:ixmatiltatemohkeh itech in wehkaw México. Iaxka ome xochitahtolmeh ixnesih nikan:

Ni winti, nichoka, nimoyolkokowa
nitanemilia, nikihtowa
nikmachilia:
mah amo keman nimikini,
mah amo keman nipoliwini.
Kampa amo onkak mikilis
kampa yehwa kitasohittah,
mah ompa niw...
Mah amo keman nimikini,
mah amo keman nipoliwini.^[28]

Amo keman tamis noxochiw,
nok^wikawan amo motsak^wiliskeh.
Neh nik^wikatahk^wiloani nikinahkoketsa,
moxehxe:lowah, moixmohmoyawah.
Maski in xochimeh
k^wetawih wan kosawiah,
ompa kinwikaskeh,
ikalihtik
in ihwiyohkohkostik to:tot.^[29]

In icnocuícatl, tahk^wilolmeh ten kinchiw Nezahualcóyotl kinextiah in tahtolk^walneskayot wan in owihkayotanemilil.

Okse k^wikatahk^wiloani ten tiktenewatih motokaitia Tekayehuatzin, kayot Huéxotzinco. Nehin xochitahtoani okachi tsonkisa i:nixpanko oksekin no kayomeh Puebla-tlaxkaltekatekameh. Yolik itamian in xv siglo, wan momikilih ipewyan xvi siglo. Tecayehuatzin, maski k^walk^wia itech iesyo mah kiyekittakan, kiixtalihkeh mah te:ixyekana Huexotzinco. No Kitanemililmahmawkeh in Tlaxkaltekameh wan in wehweyi mexikatamatinih. In tanemililmeh mosehsentilihkeh keman mochiw altepetayekankeh. Okse xochitahtoani kitenewa Tecayehuatzin wan kihtowa: “itech iweyikalihtik kikakistiltiaya timbales, tapitsalmeh wan a:yokakakawmeh”.

Tecayehuatzin tsonkisak keme xochitahtoani wan tamatini. Semi kinetalilih kitepotstokas “in xochitl in cuícatl”, in arte wan in símbolo. Keme te:ixyekankeh –ihkon kite:ixmatiltiah– kimatik kenin te:kahkayawas wan tak^waxoxas.

Iaxka moewtokeh seki xochitahtolmeh, wan yeh kipantiah kinnechikoh, itamian in xv siglo, tamatinih wan xochitahtoanih ne Huexotzinco. Ompa monechikohkeh miakeh ten motokayixmatih. Moixpa:pantilihkeh in ta:taman tanemililmeh, kampa moihtoh toni kihtosneki xochitahtol.

Tani ixnesih ome fragmentos ten moihto itech in nechikol, ompa no ixnesi itahtol Tecayehuatzin keman tenohnots ipewyan in nechikol wan keman matankeh. Nikan tikawah itanemilil ipewyan in “xochite:nohnotsalis wan k^wikat”, tatepotstokalis ten kinwika mah kimatikan toni kihtosneki xochitahtol wan k^wikat:

Kan tinemia,  xochitahtoani?
Xikyektaliya in xochitakakalatsaloni,
mah tahkoilpitiw ika k^wesaltotoihwit,
mah pa:patiliwtiw ika kostikxochit.
Tikinyolpaktis in te:ixyekananih,
in k^wawtia takawayohwianih wan k^wawtah mistomeh.
Sayo tepitsin,
keman welis,
nikintanew in tahtoanih:
ilpikamak^walneska, k^waltsitsin tetsitsin.
Sayo ika xochit nikinyewalowa in te:ixyekananih.
Ika nok^wikaw nikinsentilia
kampa yetokeh in takakalatsalonimeh.
Nikan Huexotzinco namechsentilih.
Neh ni Tecayehuatzin,
nikinsentilih in tahtoanih:
tetsitsin k^waltsitsin, k^wesaltotoihwit.
Sayo ika xochit nikinyewalowa in te:ixyekananih.^[30]

Kitakamatkeh Tecayehuatzin keman tenotsak mah monechikokan, in ta:taman tahtoanih ten ompa mosentilihkeh kihtohkeh i:ntamemilil ten satepan kink^wepkeh k^wikameh. Keman tamik in nechikol in takat Huexotzinco kayot kihto:

Wan axkan, nokniwan,
xikakikan setahtoltakochitalis:
In taselispewyan tech yolitia
in kostiksinti tech netechowa,
in chichiltiksinti tokoskatew mochiwa
¡Tikixmatokeh amotechkahkayawah
tokniwan inyolo!^[31]

In ta:taman k^wikameh, “se tahtoltakochitalis” tekit ten kichiwkeh k^wikatahk^wiloanih ten nenkeh itech in wehkaw México, ompa ixnesi miak k^waltsin tasohtanemilil, kitsonpanowia ten oksekin kinextihkahyah. Keman motepotstoka in tanemilil, motasohita wan te:yolpaktia, kinextia se ahsikatanemilil. Itech in pewalistahk^wilolis oso itech in ta:taman tak^wepalistahk^wilolis amo onkak wewehka nepolol. Okachi tsonkisah in k^wikameh itech in wehkaw xochitahk^wilolis, itech in tahk^wilolmeh ten mochiw okachi yekimpa itech in Yank^wik Talpan amo semi nesih. Axkan mah tikixmatikan  okseki nawatahk^wilolmeh. In tlahtolli, “tahtol, te:nohnotsalis, tapowalis…” Nikan tikintenewatih.

In tlahtolli: Keme chihchiwtok wan ik^walne:skayo

Keme moihtohya, in cuícat wan in tlahtolli semi ta:taman chihchiwtokeh. Ompa amo motemowa ritmo nion tamachiw. Amo kinihk^wilohkeh mah ika monek^wikatikan. In tlahtolli semi ta:taman chihchiwtokeh wan kite:ixpantiliah ta:taman tanemililmeh oso teisa ten wehkaw mochiwak. In tapowal keme kinextiah nehin tahk^wilolmeh amo kitemowa mah k^waltsin kakistikan keme itech in k^wikat, nikan nesi okse taman tapowaltahtol. Itech in ta:taman tlahtolli kemansa in tak^wilolmeh nesih maya: amameh kampa te:yekiliah kenin kichiwaskeh cuadros, escenas oso exposiciones maya: mah nehnepaniwtiakan, keme yaskia motemowa mah motennanamikikan, mah moweyichiwakan wan mah sekosa mose:sentali ten mote:ixmatiltisneki.

Amo poliwih itech nehin género in paralelismos wan difrasismos. Itech in tlahtolli nahon recursos estilísticos tapalewiah mah tikmatikan wan mah amo moelkawa in tanemilil ten kite:ixpantiliah. No kemansa miak tahk^wilolmeh ten ihk^wiliwtokeh ika pictografías wan glifos itech seki amoxmeh, nesih maya: tapowaltanemililmeh. Ihkon mote:ixmatiltiah miak tapowalmeh ten kite:ixpantiliah wehkaw tanemililmeh míticos, wan históricos, tahtolmeh keme “nikan moitta”, “nikan”, “k^wali tikitas okseko”… Keme itech in cuícatl, in tlahtolli no semi ta:tamameh, axkan nikan tikinextitih.

In huehuehtlahtolli

Miak ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh ten powih itech nehin género techehkok. Itech in ohpatikatahk^wilolmeh ten moewtokeh tiktasoittah in wehkaw nawatapowalmeh. Keme kihtowa Fray Bernandino, nikan tikahsiskeh in k^wali nawatahtol “in retórica, in yoltahtoltanemil wan teología i:naxka mexikameh, ompa nesi miak taman tanemilil, nehmachtahtol, wan te:nohnotsah kenin yeknemiskeh in takameh”.^[32]

Itech miak huehuehtlahtolli te:tahmeh kinyeknohnotsah inpilwan wan ompa kinkawiliah yektanemililmeh ten moneki mah kisentokakan in tepilwan ten mahsikehya. No moewtokeh ta:taman tahtolmeh keme ten ika kinohnotsaya in weyi tlahtoani oso weyi altepetayekankeh, ika kitahtaniliayah teisa oso kiliayah mah yekte:ixyekana, ihkon kite:ixpantilia Sahagún, wan okseki wehkaw tahtol ten no i:naxka in tlahtoque, “tahtoanimeh”, in te:ixyekankatahtol moewak itech in tanemilil.

In pilchixke te:nohnotsalis kitemakayah keman yolia se pilli; in yolchikawalte:nohnotsalis kiixpantiliayah in siwakokoxke keman momakixtiaya; in tamatahtanil ten kichiwiliayah in te:tahmeh se tonalpouhque, yeh kimattia kenin yaskia inemi:lis in yank^wikpilli; in tonalixtalil keman in te:tahmeh motentaliayah kinwikaskeh inpilwan kaltamachtiloyan; i:ntahtol in te:machtianih, yekte:nohnotsalis, kampa te:iliayah kenin yekkikinakaskeh wan kenin moyekte:ixmatiltiskeh; in tahtolmakalis mochiwaya achtopa mosiwataliskeh oso motakataliskeh in te:pilwan wan no kenin moteonochiskeh, ihkon chihchiwtoya in huehuetlahtolli.

Axkan mah tikitakan keni chihchiwtok in huehuehtlahtolli, in nehmachtahtol, keme kite:ixpantilia Sahagún, ompa no nesi miak ta:taman rasgos ten moneki mah monextikan. Itech nochi in tlahtolli ten mochiw, yeh nehin semi k^wali moyekchihchiw, wan k^wali kitokaymaktiskiah keme tecpillahtolli, i:ntahtol in te:ixyekananih oso tamatinih. Nochi in nehmachte:nohnotsalis ten miak mochiw itech nehin cultura ixnesi itech in huehuehtlahtolli. Itech nehin tahk^wilolmeh miak metáforas nesih. In takat kisento:kainotstokeh “iaxka in ixko wan in yolot”; in tayekankateotsin moihtowa motokaytia Yowalli Ehecatl, in nohnelsiwapil itokai chalchiuhcózcatl, quetzalli, “k^waltsin koskatet, k^wesalihwit”. Itech in huehuehtlahtolli keme itech in cuícatl, mosenwikah se tanemilil amo wehka ta:taman; wan ihkon amo ihsiwka moelkawa.

Nehin fragmento kinextia semi miak k^waltsin tanemilil:

Ihk^win kihtohhtinemih in ta:tahmeh: mah amo nochipa timoyolkokohtinemikan, yehika toweyi tattsin tech makak in wetskis, in kochilis, tak^wal, tochikawalis wan no kenin timoyolpaktiskeh wan mah mosentoka timomiakchiwakan.
Nochi nehin kitapololtia tonemilis nikan taltikpak, ihkon amo timoyolkokohtinemiskeh. Wan maski mah ihkon yani, takan melaw sayo  motahyowiskia nikan taltikpak, ¿kox mah nochipa se mowkanento? ¿kox mah nochipa se chokatinemi?
Tinemih taltikpak, ompa onkakeh takameh, onkak tanawatil, onkakeh te:ixyekananih, k^wawtiameh wan tek^wanimeh. ¿Wan akoni kihtohtinemi ihkon taltikpak? ¿Akoni kineki momiktis? Onkak tenahkoketsalis, onkak nemilis, onkak netewil, onkak tekit. Motemowa siwat, motemowa takat.^[33]

In huehuehtlahtolli ye in okachi k^wali tahk^wilol kampa mote:ixpantilia miak k^wali tanemilil wan in wehkaw nehmachtahtol i:naxka in mexikameh.

In teotlahtolli

Miak nawatahk^wilolmeh mochiwkeh ten ixnesih keme teotlahtolli, ten kinewiliah in tapowalmeh épicos, iwan in tapowalmeh kampa ixnesi kenin mochiw in talmanik, ixnesih keme tasohamameh itech okseki wehkaw neskayoahsikamatilis. No mah moelnamiki kenin in ta:taman wehkaw xolalmeh mesoamericanos kisenchiwayah iyo se tanemilil, ihkon, mah amo motamanitta keman nesis itech in teotlahtolli tapowaltahk^wilolmeh tahtamatih iwan tahk^wilolmeh ten moihk^wilohkeh itech okseki tahtolmeh. Mah tikihtohkan, semi tahtamatih in tapowalmeh i:naxka in mayas iwan ten kichiwkeh in mawameh, keman kitenewah in elwikak xiwmeh, in teopantayekanken Quetzalcóatl, Kukulkán, kampa yowih ten momikiliah  wan okseki taneltokalismeh.

Itech in nawatl tikahsiskeh teotlahtolli ika tanemililmeh keme: kenin mochiwkeh in teomeh wan in elwikak; héroes culturales, teotekitilis wan oksekin.

Tipewatih ika in teotlahtolli, ompa ixnesi kenin mochiw nochi ten onkak taltikpak wan kenin mochiwkeh in teomeh. Itech in códice Matritense wan Florentino, itech in Anales de Cuauhtitlan wan itech in amatahk^wilol motokayixmati keme Leyenda de los soles, moewtokeh tapowalmeh kampa nesi nehin taneltokalis. Seki kite:ixpantiliah in xiwmeh oso tonalmeh ten onkayah (Keme in Anales de Cuauhtitlan), no ihkon, okseki kitenewah tanemilil ten okachi yekin kayot. Keme in Teotlahtolli ten moahsi itech in Códice Matritense del Palacio Real, fol. 161 v.-163r. Itech nehin códice wi:tseh in tapowalmeh ten kite:ixpantiliah kenin mochiw in mak^wil tonal ne Teotihuacan, iya:lis Quetzalcóatl miktalpa kampa kite:moto omimeh inaxka in tatahmeh ten wehkaw nenkeh, wan keman kiahsikeh in taol ne Tonacatépetl, “Tepetl ten tech ixpanoltia”.

Semi k^waltsin in teotlahtolli kampa kintenewah in “heroes culturales”, keme kampa ixnesi in teopanweyitahtoani Quetzalcóatl. Kemansa kiitayah maya: se teotsin wan no kemansa keme héroe cultural, nochipa ixnesi itech in tahk^wilolmeh keme iyolo in Toltecáyotl, nochi in toltekatanemilil ten moihk^wiloh. Tapowalmeh ten moihk^wilohkeh wan moewtokeh kampa kitenewah Quetzalcóatl, yehwan ten nikan tikintokainotsatih: in Códice Florentino (amoxti iii, fol. 9 r.-23 r.) wan itech in Anales de Cuauhtitlan (fol. 3-7). Nehin teotlahtolli kipowkachiwah keme okachi k^waltsintsin tahk^wiloltapowalmeh mochiwkeh itech in nawaxolalmeh.

Itech miak teotlahtolli kampa kitenewah ika mowkayot keman pewak k^weponi in Toltecáyotl, k^wali tikitaskeh itech nehin Códice Matritense:

Quetzalcóatl te:ixyekanaya Tula… Semi taonkaya wan katka nochi k^waltsin, nochi ten k^waloni amo monamakaya. Moihtowa semi katka wehweyi in ayohmeh, in tokniwan satekit ki:nawayah. In e:lomeh katkah semi wehweyin wan we:weyakeh maya: metapilmeh. Nowian motololohtiayah maya: amo katka k^waloni. Wan in wawkilk^wawmeh ten semi tahtamati keme in palmameh itech k^wali tehkoyah. No moskatiaya ta:taman tapaltik algodón: chichiltik, kostik, axokoyoltik, yawtik, xoxoktik, yawixoxoktik, chikawakyawit, axoxoktik, chichilkostik, popoyotik, ta:taman tapalcha:chahk^wiltik wan miak ta:taman kostitik. Nochi nehin tapalmeh ihkon katkah, ihkon mochiwayah taltikpak, amo aka kintapalowaya. No kiniskaltiayah to:to:meh semi ihwik^waltsitsin: xoxoktikeh, miliktik xohxoxoktikeh, poxchikawakkohkostikeh. Wan okseki ta:taman to:to:meh, ten semi k^waltsin mok^wikatiayah wan ten itech tepemeh mokakiah. In k^waltsitsin temeh wan in teok^witat iliwisah kiitayah, maya: amo kipiayah ipatiw tomin: semi miak kipiayah. Mochiwaya in kakawat ten okachi k^wali wan semi we:lik wan nowian moskaltiayah kakawk^wawmeh. Nochin Tulahkalyetoanih k^wali yetoyah wan semi yolpakiah, amo keman tahyowiayah, amo keman yoltanemiliayah, nochi kipiayah inkalihtik, amo keman onkaya mayan, in sinti ten amo k^wali ta:kia ika kitotoniayah in temaskal.^[34]

Itech in Teotlahtolli no kitenewah okseki wehkaw teomeh. Itech in tahkwilolmeh motenewah teomeh takiowiltianih, taehekaltianih, taseliltianih, tanetewilmakaltianih wan oksekin. Itech in amatahk^wilol Leyenda de los Soles, moololowah miak nehin tapowalmeh, keme kampa kite:ixmatiltia in awilakayot ika pelota kampa moixnamikkeh in tlalohqueh, “takiowiltianih”, iwan Huémak, in satepan Tulate:ixyekanke.

In ta:taman nematilisti teotlahtolli techpalewiah mah tikmatikan kenin tanemiliayah in nawameh wan kenin kiitayah in ta:taman teomeh. Ihkon keme itech in icnocuícatl motanemililismakah in tlamatinimeh, itech in teotlahtolli yetok in taksontanemilil i:naxka in wehkaw mexikameh ten sa:tepan kiiskaltihkeh, i:ntaneltokalis, wan kenin mosempalewiayah motahtowiayah.

In yeh wehkaw tlahtolli “wehkaw tahtol”

Amo sayo ihkon motokayixmatiah in tapowalmeh ten kinextiayah in wehkaw tanemililmeh. No moixmattoya keme: Ihtoloca, “keman teisa moihtowa oso keman te:ihitowah”; tlahtollotl, “iloyo in tahtol”, se kimati keme nochi in tahtolmeh ten kielnamikih in wehkaw tanemilil. Semi miak nawatahk^wilolmeh ten kinextiah in wehkaw tanemilil, ihkon kite:ixpantilia in wehkaw te:ixmatilis. Miakeh nehin tapowalmeh kite:ixpantiliah ten ixnesih itech in wehkaw amoxmeh, ten kiamatalihkeh ika alfabeto latino sa:tepan mochiw in conquista. Seki tahk^wilolmeh kinextiah tapowalmeh ten momatiliayah in nawameh wan yehwan ki:ntapowiayah in tahk^wiloanih México kayomeh, miakpa in nawameh, tahk^wilohkeh ika nepalewil seki frailes ten no semi kinyolnotsak in wehkaw tanemililmeh.

Ihkon keme panotiahkeh in tonalmeh pewak ta:taman mopowah in wehkaw tapowalmeh, wan pewak mopata achtopa moyektaliskia in etapa prehispánica. Itech in teopankaltamachtiloyan te:machtiayah Ihtoloca, “keman teisa moihtowa oso keman te:ihitowah”, mopalewiayah itech in tapalmeh wan itech in tahk^wilol jeroglíficos ten nesiah itech in kodisehmeh, wan kema kichiwayah in tapowaltanemilil, maya: amaixnohnotsalis oso comentario, se tahk^wilol ten no momatiliayah. Ihkon, achto mochiwaskia in conquista ome taman wehkawtapowalis mochiwaya; ten kite:ixpantiliayah in kodisehmeh wan itech in wehkaw tahtol.

In Ihtoloca kinextia nehin tanemilil: tapowalis kampa nesi kenin yolkeh, tsonkiskeh wan poliwkeh in toltekameh; i:nnemilis in ta:taman olochneminih chichimekameh; mokaltalianih itech in ta:taman xolalmeh itech iyoloko in altiplanicie, keme Cholula, Culhuacan, Chalco-Amecameca, Aculhuacan, Tlaxcala, Tecamachalco, Cuauhtinchan wan itech okseki xolalmeh ten no powih Puebla, ihkon keme itech in Valle de México. Amo moelkawa kampa panotiahkeh in mexikameh, in amo san sepa te:ixnamililis ten kipiakeh sen kampa panotiahkeh, keman ahsikeh Tenochtitlan, keman kintsak^wilihkeh ne Azcapotzalco, keman momakixtihkeh inmako ten semi wehkaw kintahyowiltihkeh, keman moyolchikawkeh iwan Texcoco wan Tlacopan kayomeh, no keman tsonkisak Tenochtitlan wan keman kisentokak kitantiahkeh okseki wehka xolameh.

Itech in Anales de Cuauhtitlan ixnesi kenin in nawameh kipowkachiwayah in wehkaw tapowaltanemililmeh, nepawin itech in xvi siglo nehin tekit pewak kisehsentilia crónicas ta:taman kayomeh ten kakistiah iyoloko in xolal. Ompa motenewa in wehkaw tapowal itokai tlahtóllotl, “nochi ten powi itech in tahtol”, moihtowa, kampa yetoya in chikawak tanemilil, ompa yolik in wehkaw talnamikilis:

Tlahtoloyan, ompa kampa mochiw in tlahtóllotl (in tahtol-talnamikilis), achto yetoya Tula, ne Quauhquecholan, ne Quauhnahhuac, ne Uaxtépec, ne Quahuacan.
Keman nochi ne poliw, sayo mokaw in tahtol-talnamikilis (ontlahtoloc) ompa Azcapotzalco, ne Colhuacan, ne Coahuatlinchan.
Keman nochi ne poliw, sayo mokaw in tahtol-talnamikilis (ontlahtoloc), itech Tenochtitlan-México, Tezcoco-Acolhuacan, Tlacopan-Tepanowayan.^[35]

In tahk^wilol kinextia in tahtol ten kielnamiki in wehkaw tanemil wan no kielnamiki in nalwat ten walkisaTula wan itech in xolalmeh ten sa:tepan motenewah, no ihkon, kinextiah ta:taman neskayoahsikamatilmeh, wan kintamitokaytenewah ika in tokaimeh ten powih itech in Triple Alianza: Tenochtitlan-México, Tezcoco, itech in xolal Acolhuacan, wan Tlacopan, Tacuba, itech tepanekatalpan.

In nawameh keme itech okseki xolalmeh mesoamericanos semi kimatiah tonalpowaskeh wan k^wali kixyehyekowayah i:nnemilis, no semi kixmattoyah  i:nwehkaw tanemil. Nochi nehin tanemilil tikahsiskeh itech in tahk^wilolmeh ten kite:ixpantiliah in ta:taman wehkaw tanemilil.

Okseki ta:taman tlahtolli mochiw itech in wehkaw taltikpak achto ehkoskiah in kaxtillantakameh. No ixnesih in tonalli itlatlahtollo, itapowal in tonalpouhque ten kimatia in nemilis taixyehyekolis. Nehin tapowaltanemililmeh mosentiliah itech in iv amoxti itech in Códice Matritense de la Real Academia, ompa ixnesih nawatapowalmeh ten kinololoh Sahagún keme kitapowihkeh ite:palewianih.

No ihkon, ixnesih nawaltanemililmeh wan motenewkeh keme nahuallahtolli, “nawaltahtol”, tanemilil ten amo iliwis aka kimati. Nehin tanemil ixnesi itech in Tratado de las supersticiones de los naturales de esta Nueva España, iaxka Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón, ompa kiohpatikaihk^wiloh seki nawaltanemililmeh ipewyan xvii siglo. Tiktenewaskeh in nahuallahtolli keman tikte:ixmatiltiskeh in tlahtolli ten amo poliwkeh itech in periodo colonial. Miak ta:taman wehkaw literatura nawatl moihk^wiloh. Miakeh tahk^wilolmeh poliwkeh wan miakeh moewtokeh.

Okseki cronistas españoles keme, Fray Toribio de Benavente Motolinía, kimatik keman tamik in conquista, miakeh tamatinih mexikohkayomeh, kinemiIihkeh kihk^wiloskeh i:ntanemilil kampa kite:ixpantilihkeh in tanemilil keman nesikoh “Takameh Kastillahkayomeh”, keman kinxoxkeh wan kalakkeh weyi altepet México-Tenochtitlan. Ihk^win techtapowia: “Itech in xiwtapowalis, kimatkeh keman ehkokeh wan kinkalakkawikoh in españoles, amo kielkawkeh, momowtihkeh keman pewak nahon nek^wehmol wan sentachakeh…”.^[36]

Ihkon mochiw, in amatahk^wilolmeh ten moewtokeh ihkon kite:ixpantiliah. Miakeh amoxmeh ten moihk^wilohkeh satepan mochiw in conquista, mote:ixpantiliah itech in xiwmeh se-akat (1519), ome-tet (1520) wan eyi-kalli (1521), ika tapalmeh, jeroglífikohtahk^wilolmeh wan glosas, kinextiah ten mochiw keman ehkokeh españoles. Ihkon kite:ixpantiliah in kodisehmeh Azcatitlan, Mexicano, Moctezuma, Aubin wan oksekin. Maski nehin wehkaw amoxmeh amo semi kinehmachte:ixmatiltiayah in tanemilil, semi niman okseki tahk^wiloanih ten amo kielkawkeh in tahtol wan momachtihkeh in alfabeto latino, kihk^wilohkeh i:nwehkaw talnamikilis. Ihkon ixnesi itech seamatahk^wilol itokai Anales de la Nación Mexicana oso Anales de Tlatelolco nehin tekit kisenchiwkeh miakeh tlatelolkatekameh, ompa kikalakihkeh se tapowal kampa kite:ixmatiltiah kenin moixnamikkeh iwan Cortés wan ite:tohtokawan. Itech nahon tahk^wilolamat, tahk^wilol ompaka itech in xiwit 1528, ixnesih seki elementos glíficos kemeh itech in wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh. Okse obra kampa ixnesi in nek^wehmol, pewa keman ehkokeh in españoles sen wehkaw Veracruz wan tami keman kalakkeh México-Tenochtitlan wan nochi in nek^wehmol ten mosentokak. Itech nehin tapowal, ten semi achto moixmatik, itahk^wilol se mexikanenkeh itech in yank^wik talpa wan ompa kite:ixpantilia kenin kinkalakkawikoh wan kenin tatankeh in españoles, no ihkon kenin mose:sentokak in nek^wehmol:

Nochi nehin tech panok. Tehwan tikittakeh, wan timowkatachakeh. Nehin amo k^wali tanemilil semi tech tekipachoh.
Ohtipa wehwetstok tepostsopomeh tapohpostekmeh, in tsonti ixmoyawtok. K^watahtapotokeh in kalmeh, chichilewih in tepankalmeh. Ihkochimeh moyonih ohtipa wan ne tanamakaloyan, tapihpiswil in tepantatatsak^wil ika te:k^watixo. Chichiltik in at, maya: kitapalwihkeh, wan keman titayikeh pane yaskia titayitoyah tenexistaat.
Tiktsohtsontewiayah in tepantatsak^wil, wan sayo koyokmeh techmaktiliayah…^[37]

Okseki nawatapowalmeh ten no kite:ixpantiliah in conquista –semi miakeh wan seki ixnesih itech relaciones oso anales históricos ten kite:ixpantiliah okseki taman tanemilil– semi mopowkachiwah ten kinololoh wan kinohpatikatahk^wilolpanoltih Bernandino de Sahagún. Ohpa tatepotstokak Tlatelolco, in sepa itech in xiwit 1553 oso 1554 wan in okse itech 1585. In nawatahk^wilolmeh ten moewtokeh powih itech in achto tatepotstokalis wan nesih itech in Códice Florentino, xii amoxti. Wan iixnesih keme kapitulohmeh, ompa kite:ixmatiltia nochi ten kinpanok achto ehkoskiah in españoles, keman ahsi Cortés wan in tanawatil ten kinmakak in mexikaneminih.

Itech in género tlahtolli, nehin tahk^wilolmeh kemansa tenkakistih maya: weyi xochitahtol épico. Amo sayo moneki mah mochikawa in tanemilil, tikpowkachiwah keme chihchiwtok, motasoihta in tanemilil ten kinextia. Miak tanemilil kiewa, wan mose:senwikah in tapowalmeh ika difrasismos wan metáforas, ihkon yohyo:lik mopowa nochi ten kimpanok, amo keman ihkon tei kiittayah wan kinmowkatalihkeh. Keme yehwan amo keman kiittaya nek^wehmol ihkon, motekipachohkeh, okachi keman kimpololchiwilihkeh i:nnemilis wan i:ntanemilil. Itech nochi in literatura Mexicana –ten kiixk^wi kastillahtahtol wan in okseki wehkaw tahtolmeh– semi miak k^wali tanemilil kiewa México ika nochi nehin tahk^wilolmeh ten moewtokeh kampa kite:ixpantiliah in tanemilil i:naxka ten tatankeh wan ten tapolohkeh. Ika nehin tahk^wilolmeh tikixmatih in ome taman tanemililmeh, in te:ixnamikilis ten mose:sentokak wan kipatak i:nwehkaw tanemilil in mexikameh. Nochi ten powi itech nahon wehkaw tanemilil keme “kiitakeh in neminih ten kinkalakkawikoh”, oksekin momachtianih sen ompa kipewaltiah in tatemolis, histórico-literaria, keme itech in xolalmeh mayas wan itech in quechuas (incas) talpanneminih Andes.^[38]

Nehin tahtol amo mikik ika in conquista, in nawatahtol ten semi wehkaw katka lingua franca, i:naxkatahtol katka in wehweyi te:ixyekananih wan oksekin kayomeh Mesoamérica, ika monohnotsayah, kipowkachiwkeh itech in setika siglo wan tahko keman yank^wik mokaltalikoh México in españoles. No ihkon frailes wan te:ixyekananih ten powiah itech in corona española kinemiliayah kimoyawaskeh wan kixtaliskeh in nawatahtol itech in Yank^wik España. Ihkon momati kenin itech in xvi siglo wan ahsi itech in xviii siglo in nawatl kisentokak mok^wik wan ika kichiwkeh ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh.

Amo sayo mokaw in tahk^wilolmeh kampa ixnesi i:ntanemilil in ten kinxoxkeh kayomeh México, no mochiwkeh okseki ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh. Mah moelnamiki i:ntekiw in frailes misioneros, yehwan kinemilihkeh semi monekia mah momoyawa itech nawatahtol in taneltokalis ten yehwan k^walk^wiah, amo sayo momachtihkeh in tahtol, no tahk^wilohkeh ika nepalewil momachtianih wan okseki nikan kayomeh nawatahtoanih. Keman kinehnemilihkeh in alfabeto nawat, ika nepalewil in alfabeto ten kixmatiahya, miakeh nawameh pewkeh kichiwah nawatahk^wilolmeh. Ixnesi yank^wik tahk^wilolmeh keme crónicas, genealogías wan ten ika ki:nextiliayah i:ntanemilil in wehkaw wehweyi te:ixyekananih, ihkon welia kitahtaniayah nepalewil in rey. No ihkon, in nawatahk^wiloanih kichiwkeh miak ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh, keme cartas wan testamentos, solicitudes ten ika teisah tahtaniah, talamameh, talamameh ten ika motahtowiayah keman onkaya nek^wehmol wan okseki amameh ten ika no motahtowiayah, miakeh katkah amameh econónimo-legales.

Wan nochi ten panisa ixnesi itech nochi nahon nawatahk^wilolmeh –miakpa ixnesi ika in wehkaw jeroglifikohtahk^wilol– ten moewtokeh itech in Archivo General de la Nación ne weyipa altepet México, itech okseki xolalmeh, wan okseko wehka koyoxolalmeh, seki tapowalmeh moneki mah mopowkachiwa itech in wehkaw literatura nawatl.

Nikan ihkon tikchiwaskeh. Itech nehin tatemolis tipewatih tiknextitih in tekit ten kichiwkeh  in frailes.

Se yank^wik temática itech in nawatahtol: ten kawak in taneltokalistanemilil cristianismo

In literatura ten kichiwkeh in frailes misioneros wan tahk^wilolmeh i:naxka nawatahtoanih, kipowkachiwah ten ika taneltokalisk^wepkeh, seki tahtolixmatilisti wan okseki tekimeh ten kinextiah in wehkaw tanemil. Keme amo weli nikan tikintamitenewah, sekisa tikinelnamikitih.

Ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh mochiwkeh kampa ixnesi in taneltokalisk^wepalis: “doctrinas cristianas” wan catecismos; in sermones ten kihtowayah itech ta:taman dominicas wan okseki ilwimeh; in confesionarios; ta:taman tahtolk^wepalis tapowalmeh ten powih itech in wehkaw wan in yank^wik testamento; pastorelas, autos sacramentales wan comedias, no ihkon kemeh okseki tahk^wilolmeh ten ika kinixpetaniayah tamatinih tamowisowanih.

Taneltokalisk^wepalmeh moihk^wilohkeh wan mote:ixmatiltihkeh itech nochi in xvi wan xvii siglohmeh. Nahon tahk^wiloltanemililmeh amo yehwan kiyolitihkeh. Miak tahk^wilolmeh i:ntahtay ten mochiwkeh España. Ten okachi tsonkiskeh yehwan ten kite:ixmatiltih Alonso de Molina, itech in xiwit 1546, wan ten kite:ixmatiltihkeh frailes dominicos itech in xiwit 1548.^[39] Mah semi mopowkachiwa in miak taneltokalistanemilil ten kite:ixpantilihkeh. Nehin tekit tatemolis lingüístico-cutural semi miak tanemilil kinextia.

In “teotahtol” i:naxka in taneltotalisk^wepanih no okse taman tahk^wilol. Miakeh ten moewtokeh, ayamo semi aka kintepotstoka, keme sermones i:naxka frailes franciscanos keme Arnaldo Basacio, Luis de Fuensalida, Juan de Gaona wan Bernardino de Sahagún;^[40] dominicos keme Pedro de Córdova wan Domingo de la Anunciación, oksekin keme in agustinos Juan de Mijangos wan Martín de León, Jesuitas keme Juan Balthasar wan Antonio de Paredes.^[41] Nehin tahk^wilolmeh moneki mah semi kinnehmachittakan. Nohma axkan miak nehin tekit ayamo kipowkachiwah, ika nepalewil momachtianih nawameh, in frailes kimatkeh in tanemilil ten kite:ixpantiliah nehin tahk^wilolmeh, ompa ixnesi tanemililpatalis kiliah procesos de transculturación conceptual wan lingüística.

Semi weyi in lista de confesionarios ten kinimprimirohkeh itech nawatahtol itech nochi in xvi, xvii siglomeh wan itahkoyankopa in xviii siglo. Ompa tsonkisah ten kixtih fray Alonso de Molina (1565) wan fray Juan Baptista Viseo (1599-1600).^[42] Ompa no ixnesih taneltokalismeh ten powi itech in ortodoxia cristiana, wan kite:ixpantiliah in wehkaw taneltokalmeh ten powi itech in época prehispánica. Miak tahk^wilolmeh ten ika te:matahtaniayah mah moyolk^witikan, semi owihkeh katkah wan nehmachtahtowayah, kemansa in tahk^wilolmeh tahtamatiah maya: kinyeknohnotstoyah kenin mah motahtakolmakakan, itech in ta:taman tahtakolis. Mah tiktenewakan in chik^wasen tanawatil kampa nesi in awilakanemilis keman omen tokniwan moixmatih.

Miakpaya moihtoh, in Biblia yeh in amoxti ten achto moamatalih wan moimprimiroh (1456), no mah moelnamiki, itech in yank^wik xiwmeh kite:ixmatiltihkeh itech nawatahtol ta:taman tapowalmeh ten powih itech in wehkaw wan yank^wik testamento.^[43] Nohma axkan amo moixmatih nochin in tahk^wilolmeh ten motahtolk^wepkeh nawatahtol itech in época novohispana. Keman filólogos wan lingüistas ompa tatemoskeh, miak yank^wik tanemilil kiahsiskeh. Moneki mah mote:ixmatilti kenin moihto wan kenin kite:ixmatiltihkeh itech nawatahtol tanemililmeh keme “pecado original”, “mesías”,  “redención”, “verbo divino” wan okseki.

Semi taman motasohittah tahk^wilolmeh ten ika taneltokalisk^wepkeh, keman kinihk^wilohkeh kinemilihtiahkeh ika mok^wikatiskeh te:ixpanko, ika te:tamowisoltiskeh, oso in ome tanemililmeh.  Nehin tahk^wilolmeh kixnextia Fernando Horcasitas itech iobra El teatro náhuatl.^[44] Ompa ixnesi in “wehkaw taneltokalk^wepalis teatro”. In amoxti kinextia sempowal wan kaxtol tahk^wiloltakixtilmeh itech in Wehkaw wan Yank^wik Testamento, itech in Evangelios apócrifos wan itech tanemililmeh ten powih itech in historia universal.

Seki nahon obras moihk^wilohkeh itech nawatahtol keme in autos sacramentales, ihkon tiktenewah nikan, “El auto de los reyes magos en Tlaxomulco” wan okse “El auto de la Pasión en Cuernavaca”.

Okseki tahk^wilolmeh moixmatih keme drama histórico, ika te:yeknohnotsayah. Keme “La destrucción de Jerusalén”. Semi k^wali te:nohnotsalis yektaneltokalisk^wepalis ika te:tamowisoltihkeh keme “El sacrificio de Isaac”, “La tentación del Señor” wan “El jucio final”.^[45]

Mah moelnamiki nikan se obra iaxka fray Bernandino de Sahagún, in Psalmodia Cristiana, ten kite:ixmatiltihkeh México itech 1583. Nikan ixnesih “psalmos”, nawak^wikameh  ten kihtowayah nochi in xiwit itech in ilwimeh. Fray Bernandino kinekia mah monek^wikatikan in nawameh keme kichiwayah itech in wehkaw ilwimeh. Kemansa monek^wikatiayah, mihtotiayah wan okseki taman te:ixpetanilis kite:makayah.

Moixmatih miak tahk^wilolmeh ten kichiwkeh wan ika te:ixpetanihkeh. Wan semi motasoitah ten mote:ixmatiltihkeh keme “Teatro de la conquista”. Ompa ixnesi in ta:taman tanemilil kampa kinehnemilia in neixnamikilis iwan Cortés wan itetohtokawan. Seki nehin tak^wilolmeh nohma kisentokah yoltokeh.^[46]

Mah no tikelnamikikan, itech in xvii siglo sekin keme in Bachiller Bartolomé de Alva (ca. 1600-ca 1670), kinemilihkeh kitahtolk^wepaskeh seki obras ten powih itech in teatro clásico español, kemeh ten kichiwkeh Lope de Vega wan Calderón de la Barca.^[47]

Okseki tahk^wilol taneltokalisk^wepalmeh wan nehmachtahk^wilolmeh

Miakeh kimowkakakiskeh keman kimatiskeh nochi in miak tahk^wilolmeh ten mochiwkeh itech in siglohmeh xvi wan xvii, miakeh nahon obras kinimprimirohkeh. Eyi tekimeh nikan motenewatih. Se iaxka fray Juan de Gaona, itekiw motokaytia Coloquios de la paz y tranquilidad christiana en lengua mexicana (1582). Yolik Burgos nepawin itech in xiwmeh 1500, Gaona momachtih kaltamachtiloyan Universidad  de París, wan panok México itech in xiwit 1558. Amo panok miak xiwmeh wan welik in nawatahtol. Tamachtiaya itech in kaltamachtiloyan Colegio de Santa Cruz ne Tlatelolco wan ompa no kinmachtih nawameh semik^wayemankeh.  Momikilih itech 1560, wan iobra amo aka kite:ixpantilih hasta 1582. Ompa ixnesih sempowal tanohnotsalmeh, coloquios kampa monohnotsah se fraile wan se nawamomachtiani. In tahk^wilolmeh te:elnamikiltiah in huehuehtlahtolli, ten kite:ixmatiltia in “wehkaw tahtol”, ika ta:taman chikawaktahtol kite:ixpantiliah in ome tanemilil ten te:sekochiwah wan no ten te:wikah mah semoyekyoltali. Nehin obra semi miak k^wali tanemilil kiewa, ompa kite:ixmatiltiah in wehkaw literatura nawatl ten moihk^wiloh itech in xvi siglo.

Okse ten no motenewati nikan motokaytia fray Juan Baptista  Viseo (1555-ca. 1609). Nehin kite:ixmatiltih miak obras, keme in Confesionario(1599) wan Advertencias para los confesores de los naturales (1600), semi mochikaw –ika nepalewil nawameh– kite:ixmatiltih in huehuehtlahtolli tekit ten achtopa kiololoh wan kiohpatikaihk^wiloh  fray Andrés de Olmos itech 1537-1538. Juan Baptista kichiw ten kinemilih, miakeh tahk^wilolmeh kintsalanpatak wan kinyekchiw taneltokalisk^wepalis tahk^wilolmeh.  Seki tahk^wilolmeh kintokaipatak keme “Señor Nuestro Dios”, wan kinepololchiw i:ntokai in wehkaw teotsitsin, Juan Baptista kikalakih itech in Huehuehtlahtolli okseki mak^wil tahk^wilolmeh iaxkawan. Itech in época colonial sayo itech nahon amat kite:ixmatiltihkeh in wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh, wan mote:ixmatiltih keme Huehuehtlahtolli que contiene las pláticas que los padres y madres hicieron a sus hijos y a sus hijas, y los señores a sus vasallos, todas llenas de doctrina moral y política (1600).^[48]

In obra ten no tiknekih tiktenewaskeh yeh ten kite:ixmatiltih in bachiller Luis Lasso de la Vega wan motokaytia Huey Tlamahuizoltica omonexiti in ilhuicahuac tlatoca cihuapilli Santa María Totlazonantzin Guadalupe in nican huey altepenahuac México itocayocan Tepeyacac, México, 1649. Keme miakeh kimatih, ompa ixnesi in nawatapowaltahk^wilol keman monextih toweyinantsin Guadalupe Tepeyac. Nikan amo tikihtotih akoni iaxka in wehkaw tahk^wilol –Kox Lasso de la Vega kisehsentilih okse tahk^wilol okachi wehkaw ten oksekin kimaktiliah Antonio Valeriano, se itetohtokaw Bernardino de Sahagún– techyolnotsa mah mopowkachiwa in tahk^wilol keme literatura.

In amaixpowalis original tahk^wilol nawat –in ta:taman tahtolk^wepalismeh ten kipanoltihkeh itech castillahtahtol amo kiahsikate:ixpantiliah in tanemilil ten  in wehkaw tahk^wilol kipia–, aken kihk^wiloh, semi k^wali kixmattoya in wehkaw tahtol; nikan tikte:ixpantiliah kenin kinankilih Juan Diego in Tonantzin keman ika sepa monamikkeh:

¿Nehwa nech namiki mah nikitta, melaw nehwa nech namiki mah nikkaki? ¿Acha sayo nitakochitstok, acha sayo nimewtok itech notakochtemikilis? ¿Kan nietok, kan nimoitta? ¿Acha nietok ompa kampa kihtohtewkeh toweyitahwan, in wehkaw tatahmeh, to tenk^wawyoyan, ne Xochitlalpan, Tonacatlalpan, taltikpak ten tech tekipanowa?^[49]

Aken tepitsin kixmati in ta:taman expresiones paralelas wan toni kihtosnekih in símbolos ten okachi mok^wi itech in wehkaw literatura nawatl, niman kiixmatiskeh itech nehin fragmento, tahtolmeh ten oksepa kinyolitihkeh. Mah semi motasohitta nehin tahk^wilol kampa mote:ixmatiltia semi k^waltsin tanemilil, ten semi kinyolpoxaw miakeh mexikameh.

Nawameh cronistas itech in periodo colonial

Ihkon keme mochiw miak tahk^wilolmeh itech in época colonial –itech in xvi wan xvii siglohmeh– nawatahk^wilolmeh ten ika taneltokalisk^wepkeh, no mosentokak mochiw okseki ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh, keme kampa in nawameh te:tapowiah tohtoni mochiw semi wehkaw. Sekin i:nselti kinemilihkeh tekitiskeh wan seki tahk^wiloltekit mochiw keman nawameh sentekitikeh iwan frailes. Moitakya itech in tapowal Visión de los vencidos, kenin miakeh ten momachtihkeh itech 1528 ne Tlatelolco kihk^wilohkeh itech i:nanales, ika nepalewil in alfabeto, se nawatapowal kampa kite:ixpantiliah kenin yehwan kiitakeh wan kimachilihkeh in te:ixnamikilis ten kipiakeh mexikaneminih iwan in españoles. Nehin tekit kichiwkeh nawameh cronistas, yehwan mopalewihkeh itech in wehkaw kodisehmeh, altepetayekananih motohtokanih, in wehkaw te:ixyekananih ten panokeh ne Tlatelolco, México-Tenochtitlan wan Azcapotzalco.^[50]

Taman tekit kichiwkeh ipalewianih Fray Bernandino de Sahagún, ten kitapowihkeh ome tapowalmeh kampa kite:ixmatiltiah tanemilil ten powi itech in conquista, keme achto motenewya, kisenchiwkeh se weyi corpus nawatahtoltahk^wilol, ompa no ixnesih seki tapalmeh. Itech nahon miak amatahk^wilolmeh no ixnesih seki ten semi wehkaw kayomeh –keme in himnos sacros wan se colección kampa ixnesih omepowal huehuehtlahtolli– keme itech okseki tahk^wilolmeh, ompa ixnesi tanemil tama:tahtanil ten ki:nchiwilih Sahagún in tatahmeh nawatahtoanih. Sentenares de folios kisenchiwah in kodisehmeh nawatahk^wilolmeh Matritense wan Florentino, nochi nehin tahk^wilolmeh kite:ixmatiltiah semi k^wali literatura nawatl, sekin maski kielnamikih in wehkaw tanemilil prehispánico kampa yehwan metsihkakeh, ixpowihya itech in periodo novohispano. In tahk^wilolmeh ten moihk^wilohkeh itech nehin periodo satepan motenew, kite:ixpantiliah se chikawak literatura nawatl wan ompa ixnesih ta:taman taneltokalistanemililmeh wan nochi ten mochiw taltikpak, nehin tekit kichiwkeh nawameh ika te:yolchikawalis se fraile.^[51]

In tahk^wilolmeh ten mochiwkeh kampa ixnesi in wehkaw tanemilil itech in ome siglomeh ten tayekanak itech in época colonia –Keme tekimeh ten kichiwkeh i:nselti nawameh, ten kichiwkeh frailes wan oksekin te:ixyekananih– semi miakeh, wan ixnesih itech kapitulohmeh kampa yehwansa kinte:ixpantiliah, tekit ten kichiw Ángel María Garibay wan Miguel León Portilla.^[52] Nikan amo wel tikintamitenewaskeh, yehika sayo tikintenewatih sekin ten semi tsonkisah. Tipewati ika in kodisehmeh kampa ixnesih tapalmeh wan signos jeroglíficos, tekit ten kisentokakeh kichiwkeh in nawameh.

Miakeh nahon tahk^wilolmeh moihtowa ohpatikataixkopinalmeh ten sa:satepan kinkixtihkeh itech in wehkaw amameh. Sekin tahk^wilolmeh motenewkehya, keme in Tira de la peregrinación ten kichiwkeh in mexikameh. In wehkaw amoxmeh oso kodisehmeh ten moneki mah ixpowikan itech in etapa colonial, mah mopowkachiwa in estilo wan in miak tahk^wilolmeh ten ompa ixnesih ika alfabeto, tsonkisah ten nikan tikintokaititih: Azkatitlan, Mexicanus, Aubin, Telleriano-Remensis, Vaticano A, Lienzo de Tlaxcala, Mendoza, Mapas de Cuauhtinchan wan seki ten kisentiliah miak colecciones ten moewtokeh itech in amoxkalli Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología en México wan itech okseki amoxkalmeh keme itech in Biblioteca Nacional de París.^[53] Keme kinextih in tatemowani Donald Robertson, itech nahon wehkaw amoxmeh ixnesi in ta:taman wehkaw tanemil, ten kite:ixpantilihkeh satepan mochiw in conquista.

Ihkon keme in tahk^wilolmeh ten tsonkiskeh ika tahk^wilol pictográfico-geroglífico ten moewtokeh yank^wikeh itech in Archivo Histórico itech in amoxkalli Museo Nacional de Antropología, miak tahk^wilolnawatapowalmeh no ompa nesih ten moihk^wilohkeh itech ta:taman xolalmeh iyoloko México, seki kayomeh México-Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Azcapotzalco, Tlaxcala, Quechólak, Tepeaca, Tecamachalco, wan okseko.^[54] Itech miak nehin tahk^wilolmeh ten amo motokaixmati akoni kinihk^wiloh, ixnesi okseki taman tapowalmeh. Nehin tahk^wilolmeh mochatokeh mah kintepotstokakan.

Axkan moneki mah tikittakan i:ntekiw seki nawatapowanih ten motokaixmatih. Itech in mexikayot tsonkisa Hernando Alvarado Tezozómoc, iixwiw Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin. Yeh ehkok México tepitsin satepan wetsik México-Tenochtitlan, moyektanemililischikawaltih ika in neixnamikilis ten kipiakeh in ome neskayokahsikamatilmeh. Moixmati ome tekit yeh iaxka. Se motokayixmati keme Crónica Mexicáyotl, wan moihk^wiloh itech nawatahtol. Nikan kite:ixpantiliah se tapowal kampa kihtowa kan wi:tseh in mexikameh, kenin mochiw in weyi altepet wan keman kiixtalihkeh in tlahtoani oso weyi altepetayekanke. Ompa no kinelnamiki in ta:taman pipiltin ten okachi tsonkiskeh. Itech nochi nehin obra miak tapowalis ixnesi wan ahsi in talnamikilis itech in 9-akat (1578). Nehin obra semi amo kinextia owihkayotahk^wilol, in tahk^wiloani ompa mote:ixmatiltia wan kinextia itanemilil, in Mexicáyot kinextia i:ntamenilil in mexikameh. Mah moitto, kichiw se amoxti kampa kite:ixmatiltih iyohtanemilil kenin chihchiwtok i:ntenk^wowyo in nobles mexikakayomeh. Sekin nawate:ixyekananih kinekkeh okachi kimatiskeh kan kayomeh, akonimeh intek^wowyowan katkah wan in derechos ten kipiayah. Semi kimpalewih nehin amate:ixpantil, ihkon, miakeh nawameh, keman kixmatkeh i:nwehkawtenk^wowyowan, kitahtanihkeh in corona española miak ta:taman nepalewil, miakeh kinmaktilihkeh ta:taman te:ixyekanalismeh keme señoríos oso casicazgos.^[55]

In okse obra iaxka  Alvarado Tezozómoc, itokai Crónica Mexicana, sayo moewtok ten pane: kitahtolpanoltihkeh itech kastillahtahtol. Ompa tikpiah se tapowal kampa mote:ixmatiltia ten mochiw wan okachi tsonkisak itech in wehkaw mexikayot.^[56]

Moneki mah no motenewa Cristobal del Castillo, ten momikilih itech 1604. Yeh pane: kakta mestizo, kihk^wiloh se obra itech nawatahtol wan kimatamiltih itamian in  xvi siglo. Nehin tekit akmo mahsitok, in fragmentos ten moixmatih semi motasohitah. Exkan taixk^wi: keman walahkeh in mexikameh; se tapowal kampa kite:ixmatiltia inemilis Nezahualcóyotl wan tahk^wilolmeh ten kite:ixmatiltiah kenin katka in wehkaw te:ixyekanalis, in wehkaw tonalamat, wan okseki wehkaw ilwimeh wan tanemililmeh i:naxkawan in nawameh. Nehin tahk^wilolmeh semi te:yekyoltaliah, ompa in tahtolpowani mote:ixmatiltia maya: yaskia semi te:iknelti semi xiwe wan amo ika on mokawak, semi weyi tekit kichiw keman kiololoh in wehkaw tanemililmeh. In tekit ten kichiw Cristobal del Castillo moixmati keme Historia de la venida de los mexicanos a estas partes, nehin tekit moneki mah okachi kitepotstokakan.^[57]

Nochin in tahtolpowanih ten tahk^wilohkeh nawatahtol wan in tekit ehkok tomako, sayo eyin tikintenewatih nikan. Se kayot Chalco-Amecameca wan ompa yolik itech 1579, yeh semi to:kayweyi, Domingo Francisco de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Cuauhtlehuanitzin. Semi moxochitalia keman kielnamiki kan kayot, kihtohwa, semi takaokichpil mokaltalito México. Te:palewih ika in taneltokalistanemilil itech in teopantsin San Antonio Abad. Itech itahk^wilolwan kite:ixmatiltih miak tanemilil ten kixmatik. Keme kinekia kima:kaltis in wehkaw tanemilil ten kixmattoya italpan kampa yeh katka kayot, kinemilih tatemos itech miak wehkaw amameh kampa mote:ixmatiltiaya in tanemilil ten kitepostokaya. Kihk^wiloh itech nawatahtol chik^weyi relaciones wan se diario. Itech in relaciones no ixnesi in “Memorial breve acerca de la fundación de Culhuacán”. Itahk^wilolwan semi miak k^wali tanemilil kite:ixmatiltia, ompa kite:ixpantiliah amo sayo ten kinpanok semi wehkaw Chalco Amecameca, no in ta:taman talpante:ixyekanalismeh ompa yolokotalpan. Semi miak mexikate:ixpantil kichiw. Ika yektahk^wilol, Chimalpahin kineskayoti ika miak netasohtalis in talpan kampa yolik.

Itech Idiario kinextia noticias ten kimatik mochiw itamian in xvi siglo wan itech in yank^wik xiwmeh itech in xvii siglo. Seki nahon tapowalmeh semi k^wali te:ixpantil kinextiah. Tikpinawmatih amo mahsitok itekiw Chimalpahin.^[58]

Ne Tlaxcala amo sayo in tahtolpowani mestizo Diego Muñoz Camargo moneki mah motenewa (ca. 1525-ca. 1590), ten miak tahk^wilol kichiw itech castillahtahtol, moneki mah no moelnamiki Juan Ventura Zapata ten ompa katka altepetayekankeh itech 1651 wan tami itech 1674. Ye iaxka in Chrónica de la muy noble y leal ciudad de Tlaxcala, tahk^wilol nawatahtol wan ika noticias ten ahsi itech in xiwit 1689. Ipewyan itekiw amo sayo kite:ixpantilia wehkaw talnamikilis prehispánico, maya: anales tahk^wilolmeh kite:ixpantilia  ten mochiw se siglo wan tahko itech in época colonial ne Tlaxcala. Ika nehmachtahk^wilol, ompa no kikalakih tapowalmeh keme noticias wan okseki tahk^wiloltapowalismeh ika miak k^wali tanemililte:ixpantil. Nehin tekit ten kichiw ayamo aka kitepotstoka wan moewtok itech in amoxkalli Biblioteca Nacional de París (mexika amatahk^wilol 212).^[59]

In tahk^wilol ten ixnesi itamian in Chrónica iaxka in tahk^wiloanih Manuel de los Santos y Salazar, teopante:ixyekanke San Lorenzo Cuapiaxtla. Yeh no momachtih kaltamachtiloyan Universidad Pontificia de México wan semi tsonkisak keme dramaturgo. Moixmati se nawaamatahk^wilol itokai, Invención de la Santa Cruz wan kihtowa kitamiihk^wiloh, “31 mayo metstika xiwit 1714”. Ompa ixnesi kenin semi kiyolnotsaya in wehkaw tanemililmeh. Ihkon itech itahk^wilolwan kampa kitenewa in Santa Cruz, ixnesi Mictlantecuhtli, teotsin inemian miketa, oso kampa amotak^walyan, ompa moixnamiki iwan in emperador Constantino. Nehin teopante:ixyekankeh wan bachiller tlaxkaltekat, momikilih itech 1715, kihk^wiloh se crónica wan nehin teatro wan kinextia kenin ipewyan in xviii siglo, in tlaxkaltekameh kisentokayah monohnotsayah ika i:nnawatahtol.^[60] 

Okseki amatahk^wilolmeh ten no moihk^wilohkeh itech nawatahtol wan kite:ixmatiltiah kenin motahtowiayah in nawaneminih, kintokainotsah jurídico-económicos

Okiseki nawatahk^wilolmeh ten amo semi moixmatih wan no powih keme amatahk^wilolmeh coloniales, yehwan in municipales keme actas de cabildo, disposiciones administrativas, tasaciones tributarias, ordenanzas, testamentos, talamameh, deslindes, tahk^wilolmeh ten ika tatahtaniah, pruebas en litigios, cartas personales wan ten kisenolochchiwayah, tahk^wilolmeh ten insenaxka katka wan ten sehseme i:naxka katka, in nawameh ten nenkeh itech in xvi wan xvii siglohmeh wan seki xiwmeh ten powih itech in xviii siglo. Maski tiktenewah nikan nehin tahk^wilolmeh, amo wel powiskeh keme género literario. Maski miakpa motenewa itech nahon testimonios in tahtol indígena espontánea kampa kite:ixmatiltia itanemilil wan okseki tanemilil ten mostah te:yoltanemililismaka, itech nahon tapowalmeh semi k^wali tapowalte:ixmatil nehmachtahk^wilol kite:ixpantiliah. Sekin nikan tikinte:newatih.

Miak nehin tahk^wilolmeh mote:ixpantilihkehya. Se motokaytia Más allá de los códices. La visión nahua del México colonial, ten tiktasohkamatiliah Arthur J. O. Anderson, Frances Berdan wan James Lockhart, kite:ixmatiltiah toni kihtosnekih in tahk^wilolmeh, ompa no kite:ixmatiltia sempowal wan kaxtolti wan se okseki tahk^wilolmeh.^[61] Se ten semi moneki mah motenewa: In carta ten kihk^wiloh Diego Luis de Moctezuma, iixwiw Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, kampa ki:nnohnotsa isobrinas itech in 18 tonal noviembre metstika, xiwit 1598. Nehin amat moihk^wiloh Granada, España, kampa nemia Diego Luis, wan kintahk^wilwiaya iikniwan ten nemiah weyipa México. In tahk^wilol ten tikixnextitih okachi tani, ixnesi itech in carta nawatahk^wilol wan ompa mota in yektahk^wilol ten kema powih keme “literatura”, okachi k^waltsin amo keme okseki tahk^wilolmeh okseko kayomeh ten kite:ixmatiltiah okseki neskayoahsikamatilmeh. Itech in amat kite:ixpantilia kenin moahsia ne España wan no kenin motahtowia wan kenin kintahtowia miakeh mexikaxolalmeh.  

Moneki mah nikitta toweyite:ixyekankaw (Felipe iii yank^wik te:ixyekankeh). Wan keman panos in sesek, nik^wikas nosiwaw wan nopilwan; nikchiwas nochi ten tikihtowa. Amo xiknemili amo nimomatkachiwa, nitanemilia ika nochi in nek^wehmol ten nikan nikitta. Satepan yo:lik namechyektapowis, namechtahk^wilwis.
Semi niyolnentok wan nimoyolkokowa keman nikaki kenin tahyowiah miakkan ne México. Niknohnotsa toweyitatsin, mah mochiwa ten tiknemiliah wan ten tiknekih. Mah nechtahk^wilwikan ten nemih México, mah nech yolopachokan, ihkon ika nimopalewis wan nitahtos iixpanko in Consejo [de Indias], wan komo amo, nikte:mos kenin nitahtos, iixpanko in Consejo nikihtos ten melaw…^[62]

Itech nehin nawatahk^wilol ten moihk^wiloh España wan ehkok México, tikittah miak tanemilil ten kiewa, wan sayo keman tamatinih kitepotstokaskeh in wehkaw amatahk^wilolmeh, keman kintahtolk^wepaskeh wan kinpowkachiwaskeh itech in literatura, tikmatiskeh kenin katka i:nnemilis wan i:ntanemilil in xolalneminih. Nikan tiktenewah ome yank^wik tapowalmeh ten no mote:ixpantilihkeh: Náhuatl en los años intermedios. Fenómenos de contacto lingüístico en textos [nahuas] del periodo colonial, iaxka Frances Karttunen  wan James Lockhart,^[63] wan Los testamentos de Culhuacán, ten kinte:ixmatiltih Susan L. Cline wan Miguel León Portilla.^[64] Itech in ome tekimeh moixmatis ta:taman nawatahk^wilolmeh no tahtamatih keme ten achto tikinte:newkeh, kampa kite:ixpantiliah i:ntanemilil, i:nsentanemilil in neminih wan no kenin motahtowiayah, kintokainotsah jurídico-económico.

In nawatahtolixmatilisti itech in siglomeh novohispanos

Yetokeh amameh kampa kite:ixmatiltiah, keme kinextia itech in Códice Florentino, kenin semi wehkaw te:machtiayah in wehkaw tahtol ne teopankaltamachtiloyan, itech in calmecac itech in México prehispánico. Ompa te:machtiayah in qualli tlahtolli.

Keman ehkokeh in españoles, yehwan kinekkeh ihsiwka monohnotsaskeh iwan in mexikaneminih, yehika, kichiwkeh netahtolmachtilmeh kampa kihk^wilohkeh tahtolmeh ten okachi tsonkisayah. Itech in xvi siglo pewak kichiwah netahtolmachtilmeh wan vocabularios ika in tahtolmeh keme, mixteco, zapoteco, maya-yucateco, tarasco… wan no in nawatahtol. Keme amo wel tiktamite:ixmatiltiskeh nikan in miak tekit ten mochiw itech in eyi siglomeh coloniales, sayo seki tikelnamikitih.

In netahtolmachtiloni ten tayekanak iaxka fray Andrés de Olmos, ten semi ahsitok wan semi k^wali kite:ixmatiltia in nawatahtol.^[65] Nehin tekit ten kintsompanowih okseki tekimeh ten kichiwkeh okseki frailes, kimatamiltih itech 1547. Nehin tekit wan in Vocabulario de la Lengua mexicana y castellana iaxka Alonso de Molina ten mote:ixpantilih Mexico itech 1555, yehwan in netahtolmachtilmeh ten ta:yekankeh kinte:ixmatiltihkeh itech in Yank^wik Taltikpak México.^[66] Maski miakeh amo kipowkachiwah in ome tekimeh, no moneki mah moihto ke moneltoka in esquemas ten kite:maka Elio Antonio de Nebrija, maski oksepa mochiwa adaptaciones keman kite:ixpantiliah ten kinta:tamanchiwa in nawatahtolmeh.

Molina kiweyichiw in tekit ten moeditaroh 1571, wan kitamahxitilih in Vocabulario ika in versión nawatl-castellano. Itech in nochi in eyi siglomeh mochiwkeh wan mote:ixpantilihkeh keme sempowal netahtolmachtilmeh. Ompa tsonkisa ten kichiw Fray Alonso de Molina (1571), wan no ten kichiw in jesuita Texcoco kayot Antonio del Rincón (1595), ten kichiw Agustino Diego de Galdo Guzmán (1642), ten kite:ixpantilih in jesuita Horacio Carochi (1645), nehin techkawilih in nehmachtahtol nawatl wan keme yeh kakik in tahtol, ten kikaw in agustino fray Manuel Pérez (1713) wan ten iaxka in teopante:ixyekankeh Joseph Agustín Aldama y Guevara (1754).^[67] Nochi nehin tekit ten mosehsentilihtiakih tapalewihkeh keman México wan okseko wehka mochiwkeh okseki tekimeh okachi satepan, wan ten no powih keme tekimeh tahtolixmatilismeh wan ten mochiwkeh okachi satepan México wan okseko wehka.

K^wikameh ten kichiwkeh mexikatahk^wiloanih ten yolkeh itech in xvi wan xvii siglomeh

Ika in conquista in k^wikameh amo tankeh, nion in tapowalmeh, anales, wan okseki tahtolmeh ten semi miak k^wali tanemilil kipiayah. Miak k^wikatahk^wilolmeh kinsentilihkeh iwan in tahk^wilolmeh ten powih itech in tradición prehispánica, ta:ki:lotekit ten kichiwkeh neminih keman in españoles pewkeh te:ixyekanah. Tiktepotstokakeh in tahk^wilolmeh ten powih itech in Visión de los Vencidos. Ompa nesih seki k^wikameh kintokainotsah “cantos tristes” oso “tayokolk^wikameh”, ompa kielnamikih keman kintankeh. Tiknextiah nehin tahk^wilol keme i:nyolo in tahk^wilolmeh.

Sayo tayokolxochimeh, sayo tayokolk^wikameh
moixmoyawah nikan México wan Tlatelolco,
wan nikan mote:ixmatiltiah
in takameh.^[68]

Tayokolk^wikameh kihk^wilohkeh in neminih ten tapolohkeh. Itech i:nilwiwan, keman weliah, mok^wikatiayah ika in wehkaw k^wikameh maski ika miak mowkayot mah kinmaahsinih wan mah kinahwanih. In frailes semi motahtolchikawayah mah akmo mosentokani in wekaw tanemilil ten ahachichi wan ichtaka kichiwayah in nawameh, kiniliayah, nahon tanemilil iaxka in amo k^wali. In frailes no kichiwayah obras keme in Psalmodia Christiana iaxka Sahagún, wan ika kipatkachiwayah in wehkaw taneltokalis. Miakpa kinnawatihkeh in nawameh mah kichiwakan k^wikameh ika in yank^wik taneltokalis ten koyomeh kinmachtikoh.

Ihkon, itech in xolalmeh kampa amo mikik in wehkaw tahtol, xolalmeh keme México-Tenochtitlan, Azcapotzalco, Culhuacán, Tezcoco, Tlaxcala wan oksekin, in nawaneminih pewkeh kichiwah k^wikameh wan xochitahtolmeh ika in yank^wik taneltokalistanemilil. Ihkon, itech in tahk^wilolmeh kampa ixnesih wehkaw mexikak^wikameh kinixkalakihkeh okseki tahk^wiloltaneltokalismeh, ompa nesi kenin mosentokak in temática ten frailes kinmachtihkeh.

Sekin tahk^wiloanih ten kichiwkeh in k^wikameh kisentoka moto:kayixmatih. Nikan tikinto:kainotsah sekin: Baltazar Toquezhuayo, kayot  Culhuacán; Cristobal del Rosario Xiuhtlami, Azcapotzalco kayot, wan Francisco Plácido, no kayot Azcapotzalco. Nikan tiknextiah se fragmento, se k^wikat ten kichiw Francisco Plácido ten kite:ixmatiltihkeh Navidad xiwit 1553:

Ta:taman to:tomeh moaxkawan,
k^waltsitsin poxchihchichiltikeh
Mok^wikatiah moka, toweyitattsin.
In ángeles mok^wikatiah
ne ahko towetitattsin kixochitaliah.
Xiyolpakikan, ximowelitakan,
wan kema waltemok
wan pantawih taltikpak,
ta:taman xochimeh moixmoyawah…^[69]

Miak ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh tapowalmeh ten powih keme literatura, kinextiah in semi k^waltsin tanemilil maya: on kipiah ehekatanemilil, kinohpatikaihk^wilohkeh satepan itech 1629. Kinololoh wan kinte:ixmatiltihkeh keme “superticiones paganas”, se iikniw in weyi tamatini dramaturgo Juan Ruíz de Alarcón, itokai Hernando, yeh katka teopante:ixyekankeh ne Atenango, axkan estado de Guerrero. In tahk^wilolmeh ten welik kinohpatikaihk^wiloh semi miak k^wali tanemilil kite:ixmatiltiah wan miak nahon amameh mote:ixmatiltihkehya.^[70] Keme amo wel tikintamite:ixmatiltiah nikan, sayo se fragmento tiknextitih. Nikan se siwat kiolinia in  netasohtalis:

Itech in teskatepet,
kampa timoahsih,
niknotsa in siwat,
nonek^wikatil nikaxkatilia in siwat.
Nitanemilia, niyolnentiwits.
Nik^wika notayekankaikniw, Xochiquétzal,
piktiwits ika se ko:wat,
ehko k^waxitintiwits
Yalwa, wipta,
yehika nichoka, yehika nimoyolkokowa.
Ne amo melaw toweyinantsin?
Ne amo melaw semi te:mowtia?
Ne melaw mosta
oso wipta?
Mah axkan,
nehwa, nitakaokichpil
amo nite:ikniw…
Amo melaw amo nite:ikniw,
Neh sayo nisiwateotsin.^[71]

Ehekaxochitahtol, in wehkaw tahtol, nehin taman cuícatl, kinextia okse taman literatura nawatl ten wehkawak moewak wan amo poliw.

Nikan tiktsak^wah nehin tanemilil ten kinelnamiki in k^wikameh ten mochiwkeh itech in periodo colonial, mah amo no moelkawa, okseki tahk^wiloanih amo nawameh ten no kinemilihkeh tahk^wiloskeh nawatahtol, yehwan no kinekkeh kiamataliskeh intanemilil. Ihkon, tiktenewah Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648-1695). In villancico ten tiknextiah tani, ten ye kinehnemilih maya: se tocotín, tikelnamikih in sílabas “amo-léxicas”, ten keme tikittakeh ixnesiah wan kinextia keme kakistitiah. Nikan tikixnextiah in Villancico ten kihk^wiloh Sor Juana:

In mexikameh yolpakih
wan keme i:pa kisah…
wan ika in selik tahtol
in  mexikatahtol
itech se tocotín k^waltsin kakisti
Ihk^win k^waltsin tenkakistih:
Como tiwya,
totasoh suapiltsin,
amo keman Toweyi Nantsin,
xitechelkawa.

Maski elwikak
timowelitstos,
¿ne: amo keman oksepa
titechelnamikis?

Nochin moteikneltihkapilwan
welis momakixtiskeh
teh, ika momatsin,
tikinahok^wis,
mitstasohkamatilia
motasohpilli.

Tiktahtanis
xikelnamiktili,
monakayo tikmakak,
moyolchikawalis tayik
wan tikochtekaya
in pilli…^[72]

Sor Juana, nahuatlahta, “nawatahtoani” tech kawilih nehin tahk^wilol kampa kite:ixmatiltia imexikatahtol, okse taman tahk^wilol ten yeh kichiw.

Okseki k^wikameh wan xochitahtolmeh no ihkon tahtamatih mosentokak moihk^wilohkeh itech nochi in periodo colonial, nahon tahk^wilolmeh amo miakeh momakixtihkeh. Itahtol Nezahualcóyotl, ten miakpa kikaltechtampawihkeh, sepasa pewak motahtowa sayo tepitsin, wan molwihkeh xa poliwisnekia in tahtol.

Itanemilil in corona española, wan intanemilil in weyixiwtekiwanih ten yetoyah itech in México independiente, tech palewiah mah tikmatikan keye itech itamian in xviii siglo wan satepan itech nochi in xix siglo, pewak akmo kipowkachiwah in nawatahtol nion in oksekin wehkaw tahtolmeh México kayomeh. In amo k^wali tanemilil nesi keman pewak akmo kintasohittah in wehkaw tahtolmeh, ihk^wakkopa kite:makakeh in tanawatil mah akmo motahtokan. In tanawatil kitemakak itech se amatahk^wilol in arzobispo tiopante:ixyekanke katka México, itokai Antonio Lorenzana y Buitrón, wan in amatahk^wilol kite:ixpantilih octubre 1769. Ompa motentahtolketsa mah ihsiwka momoyawa in kastillahtahtol. Wan no kihtoh: “in tiopantekiwanih ten kinehne:matih kimoyawaskeh in kastillahtahtol wan amo kiittah mah melaw amaixnohnotsakan, mah tahk^wilokan ika in kastillahtahtol wan kinkawah mah kisentokakan ika inwehkawtahtol, itech notanemilil, amo kinekih mah yektanemilikan in mexikaneminih…”^[73]

No ihkon kitamahxitilia “ika miak tahtolmeh” amo wel se te:ixyekana wan mosentoka in wehkaw taneltokalis. No kinemiliaya, komo moixtaliskia in kastillahtahtol, iyo se tanemilil ika moyekkakiskiah, “ihkon yaskia nochi se Yank^wik España terra labii unius” (se tentaltikpak).

Itech in xix siglo ika i:nta:taman i:ntanemililchikawal in te:ixyekananih oksepa kinemilihkeh mah iyo se tanemilil ika moyekkakikan, maski in te:ixyekananih nacionales wan republicanos semi kitenahkoketsayah itech i:ntahtol in k^waltsin ta:taman wehkaw tanemililmeh. In nawatahtol kipoloh ichikawalis keme lingua franca, wan pewak akmo kihiwita wan kitokainextihkeh keme “dialecto”, ihkon, sayo kisentokak motahtoh itech wewehka xolalmeh. Ika nochi nehin nek^wehmoltanemilil, akmo miak tahk^wilolmeh mochiwkeh. Mosentokak mote:ixpantilih amo miak tahk^wilolmeh keme catesismos, devocionarios wan amo miakeh netahtolmachtilmeh. Nehin tekimeh –keme ten kixtih Rafael Sandoval (1810), Fautino Galicia Chimalpopoca (1869) wan Miguel Trinidad Palma (Puebla, 1886)– maski no semi mochikawkeh kawaskeh intaixmatilis wan kimoyawkeh in nawatahtol, amo kinewilia keme ten kichiwkeh ome siglo achto, nehin satepan tahk^wilolmeh amo semi k^wali tekit kite:ixpantiliah.^[74]

Moneki mah motenewa kenin itech itamian ieyitakixtil in xix siglo, xolalmeh okseko wehka kayomeh México, pewak oksepa kitasoittah in wehkaw tahtolmeh wan in wehkaw nawatahk^wilolmeh. Itech nehin yank^wik tatemolis ten amo moixmatia tsonkisah Rémi Simeón (1827-1890) ten kitahtolk^wepak wan kite:ixmatiltih in Relaciones Sexta y Séptima de Chimapahin, wan no in Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine (París, 1885);^[75] Johann Karl Buschmann (1805-1880), yeh kitepotstokak in toponimia nawatl wan kipowkachiwak nehin tahtol itech oksekin ten kintenew keme “lenguas sonorenses”;^[76] Eduard Seler (1849-1922), nehin tatemohkeh kite:ixmatiltih miak nawatahk^wilolmeh tahtolk^wepalmeh itech  alemán tahtol wan ika miak tapowalte:ixpantil,^[77] no ihkon keme in ahkopawani norteamericano Daniel G. Brinton (1837-1899), editor ten kite:ixmatiltih semi k^wali tekit keme in sempowalteok^wikameh i:naxka nawameh, okseki k^wikameh wan xochitahtolmeh.^[78]

Keman kitasohitakeh in nawatahtol itech okseki países, nikan México oksekin tatepotstokanih no pewkeh tatemowah itech in wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh ten moewtoyah. Nikan tsonkisah Manuel Orozco y Berra (1816-1881), Antonio Peñafiel (1839-1922), Cecilio Robelo (1839-1916) wan in tekit ten okachi tsonkisa iaxka Francisco del Paso y Troncoso (1842-1916). Tiktasohkamatiliah nehin satepan motenew ten kiohpatikaahsik wan kite:ixmatiltih miak nawatahk^wilolmeh ten moewtoyah itech ta:taman amoxkalmeh ne España, Francia wan Italia.^[79]  Nochi nehin yank^wik te:ixpantil ten kichiwkeh in tamatinih , tayekankeh achtopa mochiwaskia in movimiento indigenista, sayo tamik in Revolucion ten mochiw 1910, wan pewak kipowkachiwah oksepa in wehkaw nawaliteratura wan in yank^wik nawatahk^wilolmeh.

Keme achto motenew yolik in movimiento indigenista keman tamik in Revolución ten mochiw 1910, oksepa pewak kitasohittah in wehkaw tanemililmeh –ten okachi kipowkachiwkeh yeh in “literatura oral”– itech ta:taman xolalmeh ten powih México. In nawaxolalmeh ten ixmoyawtokeh itech in kaxtol wan se estados ten powih México, no ihkon, xolalmeh ten yetokeh iikxita in Distrito Federeal wan itech seki xolalmeh ten powih República de El Salvador. Nehin tasohittalis moittak keman kite:ixmatiltihkeh in tekimeh itech in ta:taman tatepotstokalis ten mochiw etnológico, folklórico wan lingüístico.

In tatepotstokanih keman mokawatoh itech in xolalmeh kampa nemiah in tokniwan ten amo kipolohkeh inwehkaw tanemilil, kiittakeh kenin in wehkaw tanemilil kisentokaya, neltik iwan ten powi itech in neskayoahsikamatilis mesoamericana wan in taneltokalis hispánico-colonial. In tatemowanih motokihkeh itech nehin xolameh wan kixmattkeh in ta:taman wehkaw tanemililmeh ten amo poliwkeh, pewkeh momiakchiwah in tatepotstokanih keman tamik in revolución itech 1917. In doctor Manuel Gamio, te:tat te:ixyekankeh itech in tatepotstokalis Antropología de México, kinextih kenin monekia mah mochiwa in tekit. Itech 1918-1919 kichiw se tatemolis itech in xolalmeh ten powih Valle de Teotihuacán. Itekiw taixk^wi ta:taman tatemolis keme: arqueológicos, socioeconómicos, estéticos, históricos, lingüísticos, wan nawatapowalmeh ten kikakik, no kitokaitia literatura oral. Pablo González Casanova filólogo wan lingüista, kipalewih Gamio itech nehin tekit.^[80] In tanawatil kihtowaya, mah kichiwa nehin tekit aken kixmatis in tahtol ten ika monohnotsayah in neminih itech nahon xolal. Itekiw Gamio kichikawkeh okseki tekimeh i:naxka mexikatatepotstokanih wan tamatinih koyomeh wehka kayomeh.

Tiktasohkamatiliah Fernando de Horcasitas in tekit ten kichiw itokai “La narrativa oral náhuatl (1920-1975)”, ompa ixnesi miak ta:taman te:ixmatil tekit i:naxka etnólogos, lingüistas wan okseki tatepotstokanih ten folklore tekit kichiwah, yehwan kisentilihkeh panowa mak^wilpowal yank^wik nawatapowalmeh.^[81] Ompa ixnesih kan kayomeh, kenin wan kemanian  moohpatikaihk^wilohkeh wan temática ten kite:ixmatiltiah. Yeh ompa kiitta chikome ta:taman géneros: mitos, leyendas, adahtapowalmeh intahtay ten kakistih Europa, nawaltapowalmeh, tapowalmeh kampa ixnesih ok^wilimeh, tapowalmeh ten te:ixyekanah mah yeknemikan wan okseki wetskistapowalmeh. In “expresión literaria” mote:ixmatiltia itech in ta:taman yank^wik nawatahtolmeh, semi mote:ixmatiltihkeh keme nawatapowalmeh “narrativa oral”, yehwan no moneki mah tikinpowkachiwakan.

Itech in mitos kite:ixmatiltiah kenin katka in wehkawtaneltokalis, in wehkaw teomeh wan okseki ta:tamameh personajes, ompa tsonkisah miak tapowalmeh ten kitohtokah nehin tenemilil. Keme kite:ixpantilia Horcasitas itech se tekit ten kichiw, miak mitos walewah itech in wehkaw taneltokalis tradición prehispánica. Keme in tapowalmeh ten kite:ixpantiliah kenin yolik in to:naltsin wan in tonantsin, kenin kimakixtihkeh in taol, kenin yolik Tamacazqui, “in teopante:ixyekankeh”, ten ki:nelnamiktiaya Quetzalcóatl. No yetokeh okseki okachi yank^wiktapowalmeh. Moelnamikih tapowalmeh kampa kitenewah in Malintzin oso kampa ki:ntenewah santos cristianos wan ten santehtenamo wehkaw panok.

Itech in leyendahmeh, keme kinextia Horcasitas, in tapowalmeh kite:ixpantiliah kan wi:tseh in kokolismeh (funsiones etiológicas), seki in tanemilil ten kite:ixpantiliah walkisa itech in tradición prehispánica wan seki semi yekin kayomeh. Itech miak tahk^wilolmeh ten kinohpatikaihk^wilohkeh miakeh semi tahtamatih keme in wehkaw tanemilil prehispánico, ompa mota kenin in wehkaw tanemilil amo poliw. Ihkon, tiktenewah nikan, se tapowal ten moololoh Jaltipan, Veracruz, ompa ixnesi Moctezuma keman kinekia kichiwas se apanoltiloni itech in we:yat.

No semi ixnesih hadahtapowalmeh kayomeh Europa wan no kinkalakihkeh itech in yank^wik nawatapowalmeh. Miakkan kampa mosentokak motahtoh in nawa tahtol, ihkon mochiw. Tepoztlán Morelos moohpatikaihk^wiloh itech nawatahtol se tapowal kayot Francia “La bella y la bestia”; Naupan, Puebla, okse itokay “El perezoso y la olla de oro”, wan Milpa Alta, D. F., “El ermitaño y el asesino”.

In nawaltapowalmeh semi miakeh ten kisentoka mopowah. Se ten semi kakisti motokaytia cihuachocani, ten mokaki chikawaktsahtsi yowalah. Itech okseki tapowalmeh nesi kenin siwameh mok^wawtahitsk^wink^wepah oso ta:taman nawalot kichiwah, ika nehin nawaltanemililmeh kitemowah mah ki:ntakamati aken yehwan kitasohtah.

In tapowalmeh kampa kitenewah ok^wilimeh, semi k^waltsin mokakih itech miak xolalmeh ten powih Mesoamérica. Tikintenewah in ok^wilimeh ten okachi kakistih: In k^wawtahitsk^winti, in tochti, in tusah, in tak^watsin, in kowat wan in itsk^winti. Itech miakeh nehin tapowalmeh kinextiah kenin yeknemiskeh in takameh taltikpak. Nehin tapowalmeh iwkitikeh keme in tapowalmeh ten kite:ixpantilia Horcasitas “de ejemplo moral”. Itech nehin tapowalmeh kemansa nesih takameh oso ok^wilimeh, wan no kemansa in omen nesih kintahtamachiwah.

Maski amo semi mokakih, no ixnesih wetskistapowalmeh wan tapowalmeh kampa kixnextiah ten kinpanok, miakeh amo powih talpan México, keme kampa kitenewah Pedro de Urdimalas wan Juan Cenizas.

Keme nikan amo wel tikte:ixpantiliah in ta:taman xochitahk^wilolmeh ten kisentoka kakistih itech miak xolalmeh kampa mosentoka motahtowa nawatahtol, aken kinekis okachi tatepotstokas, tikyolewah mah kiitta in tekit ten kichiw Horcasitas, ten ahko motenewya, ompa kite:maka miak bibliografía. Aken kinekis kisentokas nehin chiwalis, mokawa tapotok nehin ohti, no semi k^waltsin yaskia mah mochiwa se corpus kampa nesis nochi in tahk^wilolmeh ten kite:ixmatiltiah itech nawatahtol wan in okseki k^waltsin  nawatanemilil.

Okseki ta:taman nawatahtolmeh

Amo sayo moneki mah motenewa in yank^wik literatura oral itech nehin tahtol, moneki mah no moelnamiki okseki géneros. No taixk^wih in ta:taman mihtotilmeh, wan in tatahtamachiwalismeh kampa in taixpetanianih nawakikinakah, in te:nohnotsalmeh te:elnamiktiah in huehuetlahtolli prehispánicos, no ihkon in miak nek^wikatilmeh wan xochitahtolmeh itech ta:taman nawatahtolmeh ten mokakih itech ta:taman nawaxolalmeh.

Itech in actuaciones, in taixpetanianih moixxahxayaktiayah wan ta:taman motakentiayah, in temática katka semi ta:taman. In mihtotianih wan in tatahtamachiwanih kite:ixpantiliayah kenin mochiw in conquista. Seki moixmatih keme “Danza del Marqués”. Oksekin motokaytiah “Danza de la gran conquista”, nehin tamowisolis mose:sentokaya kite:ixpantiliayah semi yekin ne Xicotepec (axkan Villa Juárez Puebla), tani tiknextiah se fragmento wan tikte:ixpantiliah ten kihtohsneki. Ompa nesi Cuauhtémoc kiahwatok Moctezuma keye mokawak mah kisohsoniksakan in españoles. In tahk^wilol te:elnamiktia in wehkaw nawatahtol. Itech itahtol Cuauhtémoc keman kiahwa Moctezuma, mota kenin kikalakihtiw in wehkaw tahtol, ihkon momati ke in tahk^wilol powi itech nawaxolalmeh. 

Emperador Moctezuma, weyi tahtoani, keme mitste:newah itech in yank^wik talpan itokai América. Wan sayo nenka ihkon mitstokaitiah, teh akmo xik^wika mok^wachihchiwka, tikpoloh moyolo oso xa mitsmowtihkeh, ihkon motta. Nechilwi, ¿Ihkon timoixewia tiknohnotsas nehin semi k^waltsin weyi altepet? ¿Tiknemilia tikinmaktilis ne ten kinwaltitankeh mah techkalakkawikih? Ten walahkeh  mitswehwetskilikoh.
Nochin ten nikkan walahkeh, españoles tak^witapantohtokanih, takameh ten amoyektanemiliah, ten mitskahkayawakih wan mitsilwikih, itech i:nnemian semi wehweyi altepemeh onkakeh, wan kitenewah okse weyi te:ixyekankeh ne Castilla, motokainotsa Carlos V, in yektaneltokakeh. Sayo takahkayawanih.
Neh amo nikneltoka ten kinextiah itech intapalwan, keme tahtowah, maya: se takochtemikilis.
Teh amo tiyolchikawak. Neh nikpewaltis in nek^wehmol, nikittas kox ne melaw chikawkeh, wan nikittas, wan nikinnextilis in nek^wehmol ten kinmohwtis.^[82]

Keman kinextia in tahtol ma:ya takochtemikilis, in tapalmeh ten ika kite:ixmatiltia in taixmatil wan keman kitenewa in yolchikawalis, pane yaskia kielnamikih in wehkaw tahtol ten ixnesih itech in wehkaw amatahk^wilolmeh.

In yank^wik tamowisoltilmeh kampa tahtowah nawatahtol taixk^wih okseki tanemililmeh. Se ten semi moixmati itokai “Diálogo del Tepoztécatl y sus rivales”, tamowisol ten kite:ixpantiliah 8 tonalpa septiembre ne Tepoztlán Morelos. Ompa no kite:ixpantiliah miak leyendahmeh. Seki powih itech in tradición prehispánica. Seki powih itech in kristianohtaneltokalismeh. Inan Tepoztécatl katka se ichpochti wan amo momati kenin kipiak ikonew. Itech iowoihkayo telpokanemilis Tepoztécatl, kite:ixmatiltih ichikawalis wan itaixmatilis. In Tepostekaneminih kintanemililismakaya inte:ixyekankaw ten yetoya Xochicalco, katka se nexikoltakat wan  kimaktiliayah itech nochi in xiwmeh se in ikniw. Tepoztecatl motentalih kipalewis ixolal, yahki Xochicalco wan kimiktih in nexikoltakat. Itech in tenohnotsalis ixnesih miakeh tatewianih ten kiixnamikih in Tepoztécatl. Yeh kiilwichiwilihtok se siwapil, ichpokat ten pewak kiittahya keme in Tonantsin María. Ten amo iikniwan in Tepoztecatl amo kink^wanamik keyeh in telpochti moaxkatilih in kristianohtaneltokalis. Tepoztecatl kintani wan no kitani in takaok^wili. Nehin wehkaw tahk^wilol miakpaya mote:ixpantilia itech miak ohpatikatahk^wilolmeh ten moihk^wilohkeh nawatahtol.^[83] Nehin tahk^wilol powi keme semi k^waltsin tekit ten mochiw itech in nawaxolalmeh kampa mosentoka motahtowa in nawatahtol.

Tahk^wiloltahtolmeh wan te:nohnotsalmeh ten te:elnamiktiah in wehkaw huehuehtlahtolli tiktasohkamatiliah in tekit ten kichiwkeh tamatinih keme Roberto H. Barlow, Miguel Barrios Espinoza, Karen Dakin wan oksekin. Nehin tahk^wilolmeh kite:ixpantiliah in wehkaw nawatahtol “tradición náhuatl” ten amo sempoliw. Miak tahk^wiloltahtolmeh kayomeh Xaltocan, ten moahsi itak^wapa weyipa México, ompa powih miak tapowalmeh keme kampa in te:tat, achto monamiktiskeh semeh ipilwan, iokichpil oso isiwapil, kinyeknohnotsa. In tanemilil ten ki:nmaktilia semi tahtamatih keme ten ixnesih itech in huehuehtlahtolli ten tsalanaktokeh itech in Códice Florentino wan ten achto motenewya.

Okseko semi wehka taman, mochiw itech in xolal Los Reyes, ten yetok Veracruz, okseki tahk^wilolmeh no semi k^waltsitsin wan ompa ixnesih metáforas keme itech in wehkaw tahk^wilolmeh: “Te:nohnotsalis ten kimaktiliah se pilli keman kiixtaliah mah xochite:makti”. Nehin tahk^wilol kiahok^wik in nawate:machtiani Margarito Ajactle, maski ihkon ki:nnohnotsah in konemeh ten k^wikah kixochimaktith in tonantsin María itech in kristianohtaneltokalis, in tahtol semi tahtamati keme in wehkaw tahtol:

Tote:iskaltiani mah mitsmaka mochikawalis, yekyetolis wan nemi:lis; mah amo tei mitsyolkoko. Ximoskalti, ximonete:tasohtalti, in Tote:iskaltihkaw mits titan taltikpak amo sayo xinehnemiki, amo sayo xine:nemiki. Xikmaktili moxochiw mote:iskaltihkaw. Mosta, wipta, ihkon keme timoskaltihtias, tikmaktilis se xochitsin. Timoskaltihtokya. Ximoskalti, yehika miswaltitankeh taltikpak. Tiwala tikxochimaktiko imetspah Toteiskaltihkaw nikan taltikpak, ximoskalti, ximote:tasohtalti, mah amo tei mitsyolkoko, mah amo tei mitstekipacho. Mitstenewah tixochite:maktiani.^[84]

Itech nehin tahk^wilol, miak wehkaw tanemilil oksepa ixnesi: “nimitstitani taltikpak/ amo sayo xinehnemiti/ amo sayo xine:nemiti…” techtanemililismaka keman kinohnotsa kenin mah nemi in pilli taltikpak, semi no te:elnamiktiah in xochik^wikameh iaxkawan Nezahualcóyotl: i:nnemilis in takameh ma:ya xochitak^weponalis, mah xochite:maktikan.

Itech in literatura oral náhuatl tsonkisah miakeh nek^wikatilmeh wan xochitahtolmeh, ika ta:taman nawatahtolmeh miakkan mokakih. Itech nehin tahk^wilol ixnesi se ten semi mokaki Nonantzin ihcuac nimiquiz.

Nonantsin, keman nimomikilis
Xinechto:ka tikoteno,
wan keman timotixilis,
ompa xinechcho:kili.

Como aka mitsmatahtania:
—Siwatsin, ¿keye timoyolkokowa?
xikilwi, semi xoxowik ink^wawtatehtek,
Wan in pokti mitscho:ktia.^[85]  

Okse xochitahtol ten no semi mokaki itech in yank^wik nawatahtowanih, motocaitia Tlaneci. Keman wehka waltawihtiwits in tonal te:tanemililismaka kenin semi wehka, itech se kaltsin ten k^wapokkisa, ichan se siwatasohtsin: “No siwatasohtsin”.

Keman tanesi taltikpak,
in tonantsin miki,
akmo motah in sitalimeh,
tatanesi elwikak.

Semi wehka, tepeikxita,
k^wapokkisa se kaltsin,
ompa yetok notasohtsin,
noyolotsin, nosiwatsin.^[86]

Nochi nehin nek^wikatilmeh wan xochitahtolmeh ten moixmoyawkeh, literatura nawatl ten amo momati akoni iaxkawan, kinextiah in yank^wik tahk^wilolk^weponalis achto motokaite:ixmatiltiskiah in takameh wan siwameh ten no tahk^wilohkeh ika itahtol Nezahualcóyotl.

Xochitahtolmeh wan nek^wikatilmeh ten moixmati akoni kinihk^wiloh

Achto tikinte:ixmatiltitih tahk^wiloanih ten kihk^wilohkeh xochitahtolmeh itech nawatahtol achtopa 1950. Acha amo sayo tahk^wilohkeh ten nikan tikintenewatih, xa yetoskeh oksekin wan xa moewtoskeh okseki k^waltsin tahk^wilolmeh ten ayamo moixmatih.

Mariano Jacobo Rojas (1842-1936) amo sayo mochikaw mah motahto in nawatahtol itech miak xolalmeh ten powih Morelos, moelnamiki no ika in tekit ten kichiw. Yolik Tepoztlán wan semi tsonkisak keme tamatini. Katka temachtiani itech in Museo de Arqueología weyipa México. Kite:ixpantilih in Manual de la lengua náhuatl (1927), wan seki Estudios gramaticales del idioma mexicano (1935). No kichiw seki tahk^wilolmeh keme in obra de teatro itokai Makiztli, “Ajorca”, ten kite:ixmatiltihkeh itech 1931. Ompa, ika semi k^waltsin tahk^wilol, kinextia kenin moixnamiki se takat español iwan se mexikate:ixyekanke, nehin kipia se ikniw motokaytia Maquiztli. In mexikatakat kimati ke kiichtakawisnekih Makiztli. Itech nehin netewil miki in mexikatakat, Maquiztli sayo kipia se micapahtli, wan motayiltia. In tahtol ten kite:ixmatiltia in te:machtiani Rojas semi iwkitik keme in wehkaw tahtol.

Enrique Villamil (ca. 1890-ca.1962), no kayot Tepoztlán, semi kitasohitak nochi iaxkatanemilil, itradiciones. Kihk^wiloh wan kite:ixpantilih seki xochitahtolmeh keme Quenin ca in yolli, “Kenin tonemilis” wan Caxtiltecah in Tenochtitlan huan tlacoltica yohualli. In tahk^wilol ten timitsixpantiliah nikan ixpowi itech in tahk^wilol ten achto tiktenewkeh:

Toyolkokolis tiknemih
nikan taltikpak,
nochi tami, nochi panowa
keme in metskayot elwikak.

Aken mopialia wan aken te:iknelti
in omen motamiliskeh,
ihkon keme in sakat chichinowi
nochin tiihkopiskeh…^[87]

Enrique Villamil kinehnemilia itech ixochitahtol tanemilil ten ihsiw tami wan tahtamati keme seki icnocuícatl, iaxka Nezahualcóyotl.

Okse ten no kichiw tahk^wilolk^wikameh wan no semi kitepotstokak in wehkaw nawatahtol, itokai Pedro Barra y Valenzuela (1894-1978). Kayot Chicontepec, Veracruz, katka miakkan te:machtiani keme Los Mochis, Sinaloa, wan itech in weyi altepet Puebla, no ihkon keme itech in kaltamachtiloyan Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Kite:ixpantilih in obra Los nahoas, historia, vida y lengua (1953). Nehin Xochitahtoani katka semi yolyemanik, mote:ixmatiltih ika inawatahtol wan castilla tahtol. Itech iNahuaxochimilli “Jardín  nahua" (1939), monek^wikatia wan ki:ntenahkoketsa in taseliltilis wan in ok^wilimeh ten ompa kayomeh.

Itech nahon amoxti ixpowih nehin ome semi k^waltsitsin xochitahtolmeh:

In witsikitsin
iihtik in xochit
yoltok molinia se chalchiwit
in witsikitsin kielkaw iwehkaw chantsin.^[88]

In cuervo
Ika  miak nek^wehmol ehekaixo tsahtsi
kipoloh itekalchan
ompa iihtik in tenextepet. ^[89]

Nochin in Cuicapicqueh, xochitahtoanih ten tahk^wilohkeh achtopa 1950, k^wali moweyichiwas in te:ixmatil. Sayo se tiktokaititih, Santos Acevedo López, kayot Xochimilco ompa katka cronista. Itahk^wilolwan mosentilihkeh itech se chichikchin amoxti itokai Macehualcuícatl, Cantos populares (1954), mosentilihkeh itahk^wilolwan. No moneki mah motenewakan ome periódicos ten mote:ixmatiltihkeh ika nawatahtol itech in xiwmeh 1943 wan 1950, se motokaytia Mexihcayotl wan Mexihcatl itonalama, ompa kitsalankalakihkeh seki chikchichin xochitahtolmeh, iaxkawan ta:taman temachtianih keme Marciano González, kayot San Pedro Atocpan (Milpa Alta, D. F.), Macedonia Mendoza wan Victoriano Velasco, nehin omen kayomeh Xochimilco.

Moneki no mah tiktenewakan Miguel Barrios Espinoza, kayot Hueyapan, Morelos, ten semi kitahtowi wan kimoyaw in nawatahtol. Yeh tiktasohkamatiliah in miak xochitahtolmeh, nek^wikatilmeh wan okseki miak ta:taman nawatahk^wilolmeh ten powih itech in género narrativa nawatl. Tate:ixpantilih iwan in antropólogo Roberto Barlow, itech in edición  Mexihcatl Itonalama, periódico ten kixtihkeh 34 amatapowalmeh itech nochi in xiwit 1950, ompa kikalakih miak tahk^wilolmeh iaxka. Ompa tsonkisah keme: Tláloc: temictli, itech nehin tahk^wilolamat nesi in teotsin takiwiltiani, ika imixk^wey wan ika isektetankochwan, se mixti ten te:tenxipalsewia wan taseliltia taltikpak.^[90]

Semi miak k^waltsin tanemil moewtok ten ayamo moixmati, mah mosentoka in tatemolis wan kemansa ki:nixahsiskeh, ihkon keme miak k^waltsin tahk^wilolmeh neskeh keme ten tikintenewkehya, mah sekosa kisentilikan in yank^wik xochitahtol ten nestiw itech in ta:taman nawatahtolmeh.

Tapawolmeh ten kichiwkeh tahk^wiloanih ten motokaixmatih

Ihkon keme tikchiwkeh ika in k^wikameh wan in xochitapowalmeh, nochi ten nikan tikte:ixmatiltitih sayo ahsi itech in xiwit 1950.  Amo sayo tikintenewatih tapowalmeh ten amo tikintokaixmatih akonimeh kinihk^wilohkeh, no in oseki tahk^wilolmeh ten in tahk^wiloanih kite:ixmatiltihkeh. Miakpa nehin tahk^wiloanih panokeh miak owihka:yomeh. Ika nepalewil okseki tatepotstokanih amo nawatahtoanih ten no semi kitasoitakeh in yank^wik nawatahtol mochiwak okseki miak tekit.

Nikan tiktenewatih Luz Jiménez. Yeh yolik Milpa Alta, D.F., itech 1895, yeh sayo momachti primaria itech kaltamachtiloyan ten yetok ixolal. Kitohtokaya in taneltokalis zapatismo, kiitak kenin mochiw in revolución wan kawak Milpa Alta iwan nochin ikalyetoanih keman, itech l916, kalakkeh itech nahon xolal Carranza ite:tohtokawan. Mochantalih, kipiak ixwimeh wan chichikmeh. Itech 1930 kiixmatik Diego Rivera wan Jean Charlot wan kiilwihkeh mah moyehyektali inixteno wan kiixtakopinkixtihkeh. Achtopa momikiliskia itech 1965, te:palewih ika te:machtilnawatahtol itech in Escuela Nacional de Antropología wan no wehkawak kipalewih in etnólogo Fernando de Horcasitas. Motasohkamatilia Horcasitas in ome amoxme ten kinte:ixpantilih kampa ixnesih tapowalmeh iaxkawan doña Luz Jiménez.

In amoxti ten achto kisak motokaytia De Porfirio Díaz a Zapata. Memoria Náhuatl de Milpa Alta, nehin kieditaroh in Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (1968) ika introducción iaxka Fernando de Horcasitas wan in te:ixmatil kichiw Miguel León-Portilla. Nehin tekit ome taman imahsika kipia. In tahk^wilol ten tayekana kite:ixpantilia kenin katka Milpa Alta achtopa mochiwaskia in revolución. Itech in sa:tepan tahk^wilol kinextia italnamikilis doña Luz Jiménez keman moixnamikeh in “ahkopawa:nih iwan in taniwa:nih”. Nochi nehin yektapowalmeh semi k^waltsitsin te:ixmatilmeh. Miakeh nehin tapowalmeh semi chikawak tanemilil kite:ixpantiliah, ihkon amo wel tikinsekochiwaskeh komo tiknewiliah iwan in wehkaw nawatahk^wilolmeh.

In okse amoxti motokaytia Los cuentos en Náhuatl de doña Luz Jiménez, ika introducción ten kichiw Fernando Horcasitas wan Sara O. de Ford (México 1979). Ompa ixnesih ome powal wan nawi sa:nilmeh, wan Horcasitas kinyehyektalih keme yeh kinehnemilih in ta:taman géneros itech in tekit ten motenewya, narrativa náhuatl. Amo owihkatahtol ixnesi itech nehin ta:taman tapowalmeh ten kintenew doña Luz Jiménez, ihkon ompa kinextia tanemilil ten mochiwtiwalah wan no kielnamiki in wehkaw taneltokalis kampa tsonkisa in ehekatanemilil. In tekit iaxka doña Luz Jiménez k^wali powis keme literatura nawatl contemporánea.

Okseki te:ixmatil kampa ixnesi in narrativa contemporánea nawatl ten kichiwkeh tahk^wiloanih ten motokayixmatih, neskeh itech in periódicos ten moihk^wilohkeh itech nawatahtol wan no itech revistas keme Tlalocan wan Estudios de Literatura Náhuatl, nehin omen kinte:ixmatiltih in Universidad Nacional. Amo wel tikinnehnemiliskeh wan tikintamipowkachiwaskeh nikan nochin nahon tahk^wilolmeh. Nikan k^wali kipewaltiskeh se weyi tekit nochin ten kinekiskeh kitepostokaskeh in tanemilil, mokawa tapotok in tatepostokalis.

Maski miakeh amo kineltokayah, in yank^wik nawatahk^wiloanih oksepa kiyolitihkeh in nawatahtol ika in tekit ten pewkeh kichiwah, in tahtol amo poliw, moweyichiw wan moyolitih oksepa in nawatanemililmeh. Maski nehin literatura mote:ixpantilia itech ta:taman nawatahtolmeh wan maski ta:taman kakistih, in nawatahtoanih kema kikakih in ta:taman tahtol. Ihkon keme yoli itech in tahtol miak taman tanemilil, kihtosneki ke in millon wan tahko tokniwan ten kisentokah tahtowah, amo kielkawasnekih i:nwehkaw tanemilil. Semi  miak owihkayomeh panotiowih in nawameh, yehwan keman kinemiliah amo kielkawaskeh in wehkaw tanemililmeh wan keman kite:ixpantiliah intahtol, oksepa kiyolitiah tanemilil ten semi inaxka.

Tipewatih tikintenewatih ten kayomeh xolal Huasteca Veracruzana. Miakeh kinemilihkeh kihkwiloskeh yank^wik netahtolmachtilmeh, ihkon, aken kinekis welis in tahtol, kiyolnotsas okachi welis kikinakas wan tahk^wilosnekis kiahsis ika toni mopalewis. Nawi chikchichin volúmenes kite:ixpantilihkeh in te:machtianih Alonso López Mar, Hermenegildo Martínez wan Delfino Hernández. In netahtolmachtil motokaitia Nahuatlahtolmelawaliztli “yeknawatahtol” (1983). Nehin edición kixtih in Secretaría de Educación Pública, itech se tiraje tepitsin achiok sempowal wan mak^wil mil amoxmeh, ika nehin tekit pewa in nehnemilis wan oksepa kiyolitiah in tahtol.

Delfino Hernández ten no autor itech in volumen ten ahko motenew, tsonkisa keme xochitahtoani wan keme sa:niltahk^wiloani, se itekiw motokaytia Xochitlahtoleh. Ika nehin tekit tatanik itech 1983, itech in Concurso de Cuento Náhuatl, ten tayolew in Ayuntamiento de Hueyapan, Puebla wan okseki nechikolismeh no ompa kayomeh. Tiknextiah se ixochitahtol ten nesi itech ixochitahtoltekiw ten kichiw, Cihuapiltzin Calyolotzin:

Niknek^wikatilis in chichikchin tortolita,
niknek^wikatilis in siwapiltsin, selik wiltsin,
nimantsin yolis techyolpaktis.
Niknek^wikatilis in mak^walneska temekatsin,
imaixko nemilisti
mosiwak^wepas, moixsiwak^wepas.
Niknek^wikatilis nokoskatasohtetsin
mosta wipta yaski weyi nanti,
kalyolotsin, tanex, teskat wan te:ixyekanalis.^[91]

Nehin xochitahtol yoli itech in wehkaw tanemilil prehispánica. Itech in xochitahtol kiyolitia se yank^wik tanemilil.

Okse no semi weyi xochitahtoani motokaytia Natalio Hernández wan mote:ixmatiltia keme José Antonio Xokoyotzi, yeh no kayot Huaxteca Veracruzana. Te:machtiani normalista, katka Presidente de in Organización de Profesionistas Indígenas Nahuas A. C. Kite:ixmatiltih itahtol itech ta:taman revistas keme itech Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl wan itech se amoxti itokai Xochicozcatl.^[92]  Ompa kisentilia miak xochitahtolmeh ten kintokaitih Cempoaxóchitl, ompa, maya: se icnokuícatl “tayokolk^wikat”keme ten wehkaw kayomeh, kielnamiki i:nyolkokolis nikan neminih. Eyi ta:taman chiwtok, Yancuic cuícatl, Yoloxóchitl wan Yancuic tonatiuh, yankuik tlanextli, maya: se sinfonía, pewa ika temas ten ika kichikawaltia in tanemilil te:chalisti. Ihk^win matami in amatahk^wilol:

Ika xochimeh wan k^wikameh
in yank^wik Tonal nikyolitia.
Ika xochimeh wan k^wikameh
in yank^wik k^walkan nikcha.^[93]

Alfredo Ramírez kayot Xalitla Guerrero, wan momachtih etnología itech in Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Nehin autor amo sayo tepitsin tahk^wilolmeh kichiw, tsonkisa keman kihtowa ten kimachilia iyoloko.  Kinextia se xolal ten semi wehka yetok Huaxteca, ompa yolih semi k^waltsitsin xochimeh wan k^wikameh, tiknextiah se xochitahtol itokai Zan Ce Ohtli:

“San se ohti"
Nokniw,
¿toni tech maka?
amo niw, nikan nietok
wan amo nikneki nias.
Xa kemansa se tonal
xa niahtias.
¿Kemanian?
Amo nikmati.
Axkan,
niw, ninehnemi wan ninehnemi,
itech se weyipatawak ohti
wan, como kemansa nimopolowa keme teh,
itech nahon weyipatawak ohti,
wan, como kemansa tinechelnamiki,
xinechtemo, ompa nietos.
Ompa nimitschatos,
amo nias, ompa nine:nentos.
Keman teh tiahsis sen kampa neh nias,
ompa k^wali timonohnotsaskeh,
ompa noyolo niko:xtos.^[94]

Okseko semi amo wehka weyipa México, tiktenewatih Milpa Alta, kampa kayot doña Luz Jimémez ten achtopa no tiktenewkehya, ompa mosentoka nohma mopowkachiwa in nawatahtol. Ompa no semi motokayixmatih eyi tahtolte:machtianih, Fidencio Villanueva, Carlos López Ávila wan Librado Silva Galeana.

Ten tayekana tiktenewkeh kihk^wiloh in xochitahtolamoxti itokai Aztecacuicameh (1949). Fidencio Villanueva kisentoka tahk^wilowa itech nawatahtol wan kisentoka te:ixyekana Milpa Alta se taller de literatura, yehika no tiktenewah nikan, yeh no tapalewia itech nehin yank^wik tekit. Nikan tiknextiah tepitsin ten okachi yank^wik tahk^wilol kichiw:

Sepa, ohpa, expa,
Nimitsilwihya miakpa,
amo mah mitsixpolokan
tiyolpakih itech tonemilis;
tech pihpia tomikilis,
yeh tomeyo,
tokniw.^[95]

Amo owih xochitahtolwan ten iaxka Villanueva, pane yaskia tahk^wilowa kinemilihtiw mah amaixpowakan konemeh, nehin takat nochi inemilis te:machtih wan semi kitahtowih in nawatahtol.

Carlos López Ávila, kayot Santa Ana Tlacotenco, ne Milpa Alta, D. F., moneki no mah motenewa, yeh semi no tapalewih kimoyaw in literatura contemporánea itech nehin tahtol. Carlos López Ávila amo keme Fidencio Villanueva nion keme in oksekin, yeh iselti momachtia. Maya: keme in tlaquetzaqueh wan cuicanih, Carlos López Ávila itech in tapowalmeh ten yeh kipowa –kiyolitia in wehkaw tanemililmeh maya: se rapsoda– wan kielnamiki in wehkaw leyendahmeh ten kakistih itech ixolaltsin. Ixolalpa semi kixmatokeh ika in tekit ten kichiwa wan in tamachtil ten ki:nmaka in konemeh ika nepalewil k^wikameh wan mihtotilmeh. No te:palewiani iwan tatepotstokanih, kipalewih Michel Launey, ten kichiw in obra Introduction à la langue latine et à littérature aztèque (2 vols., 1980), wan no Joaquín Galarza, tatepotstokani itech in tahk^wilol glífica ten nesi itech in wehkaw mexikataneltokalis. López Ávila kite:ixmatiltih kenin se welis in nawatahtol ika nepalewil tapalmeh, itokay Hablemos náhuatl y español (2 vols., 1981), Tlacotenco Tonantzin Santa Ana (1982) wan Tlacotenco, Tlahmachzaniltin ihuan tecuicame, nehin satepan tiktenewkeh kitahtolk^wepak Michel Launey itech francés tahtol wan nesik itech in volumen 5 (1984) itech in revista etnolingüística Amerindia, wan kite:ixpantilihkeh París. Itech itekiw okachi tsonkisa in tanemilil ten kiololoh wan kisentoka mokakih keme leyendahmeh wan k^wikameh ten kakistih ixolalpan.

Librado Silva Galeana, no yolik Santa Ana Tlacotenco, powi wan te:ixyekana itech in generación semi yank^wikeh ten momachtihkeh itech in Escuela Normal. Yeh semi mochikawa mah kisentoka yolto in nawatahtol yehika kichiwa ta:taman nechikolmeh. Tekiti iwan Francisco Morales wan Paciano Blancas, kisente:ixpantilihkeh se periódico motokaytia Nezcaliliztlahtoani. Yeh autor de Estudios gramaticales de la lengua náhuatl (1982). Semi mosentemakak itech in tekit ten kiololowa wan kitahtolk^wepa, tsonkisa ika itahk^wilolwan ten yeh kinnehnemilia. Ompa ika miak tanemilil kiyolitia in miak ta:taman tanemilil ten wehkaw mochiw itech ixolal. Tapowalmeh ten kinchiw ixnesih itech In oc imoztlayoc in Miccailhuitl, ten nesik itech nawatahtol wan castellano itech in 18 volumen de Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (1986).^[96] Itahk^wilol semi  k^walnextia in yank^wik wan semi k^waltsin tahtol, wan no te:elnamiktiah in wehkaw nawatahk^wilolmeh. No powi itech in Seminario de Cultura Náhuatl de in Universidad Nacional, semi kitepotstoka, kiyank^wikto:ka in wehkaw tahtol wan kimiaktilia ika nahon taixmatil iyank^wiktahk^wilolwan ten semi motasohita itech in literatura náhuatl contemporánea.

Tikitta nikan in wehkaw nawatl wan in ta:taman yank^wik nawatahtolmeh, ten itech miak siglomeh ompa kinextihkeh i:ntanemilil, mah moihto, ika kite:ixpantilihkeh miak ta:taman tanemililmeh, mok^wik keme expresión literaria. Semi miak ta:taman tahk^wilolmeh kisentoka mote:ixmatiltiah itech in nawatahtol. Miak tahkwilolmeh tahtolkwepalmeh mote:ixpantilihke itech kastillahtahtol wan itech okseki tahtolmeh Europa kayomeh. Poliwi mah okachi kitepotstokakan wan mah kite:ixpantilikan, no tikpowkachiwah in miak tapowalmeh kampa kite:ixpantiliah kenin kisentoka yoltok in yank^wik nawatahtol. Ihkon keme tikitakeh in miak owihkayot ten panok in tahtol –keman itech in xolalmeh amo kitasohitta in wehkaw tanemilil wan in wehkaw tahtol–, nawaneminih kiyekelnamikih inaxkatanemilil wan kite:ixpantiliah itech in yancuic tlahtolli, “yank^wik tahtol”

Nion se tahtol wan nion okseki tahk^wilolmeh literarios kayomeh México, semi tatanemililmahmawkeh keme in nawatahtol tamahmaw itech okseki castillahtahk^wilolmeh ten mochiwkeh wan mochiwah Mexico. Mopowkachiwa nochi nahon weyi tanemilil itech in literatura mexicana, in wehkaw wan in yank^wik tahtol moneki mah moyekitta, kalihtikkopa keme kalankopa México.

Anales de Cuauhtitlahn, itech Códice Chimalpopoca, edición fototipia wan tahtolkwepalis iaxka Primo Feliciano Velázquez, México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 1945. [Yetok se reimpresión ten kichiw in Instituto, 1975].

Anderson, Arthur J. O. et al., Beyond the codices.The Nahua view of colonial Mexico, Berkeley-Los Ángeles, University of California Press, 1976.

Cantares mexicanos, ms. powi itech in Biblioteca Nacional, taixkopin kichiw Antonio Peñafiel, México, 1904.

Códice Florentino, reprod. facs. del ms. 218-220 de in Colección Palatina ne Biblioteca Medicea Laurenciana, México, 1979, 3 ts.

García Quintana, Josefina, “El Huehuehtlatolli –Antigua palabra– como fuente para la historia sociocultural de los nahuas”, Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl, t. 12, 1976, pp. 61-72.

Garibay K., Ángel Ma., Historia de la literatura nahhuatl, 2 ts., México, D. F., Editorial Porrúa, 1953-1954.

----, Veinte himnos sacros de los nahuas, México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas (Informantes de Sahagún; 2), 1961 

----, Vida económica de Tenochtitlan, México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas (Informantes de Sahagún; 3), 1961.

----, Poesía nahhuatl i. Romances de los señores de la Nueva España. Paleografía, vers., introd., notas wan apéndices iaxka Ángel María Garibay K., México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 1963.

----, Poesía náhuatl ii. Cantares Mexicanos. Paleografía, versión, introducción y notas explicativas de Ángel María Garibay K., México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 1965.

----, Poesía náhuatl iii. Cantares mexicanos. Paleografía, versión, introducción wan notas iaxka Ángel María Garibay K., México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 1968.

Hernández de León-Portilla, Ascensión, Tepuztlahcuilolli: impresos en náhuatl. Historia y Bibliografía, 2 ts, México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1988.

Karttunen, Frances wan James Lockhart, “La estructura de la poesía náhuatl vista por sus variantes”, Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl, t. 14, 1980.

León-Portilla, Miguel, Ritos sacerdotes y atavíos de los dioses, México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas (Informantes de Sahagún; 1), 1958. 

----, Trece poetas del mundo azteca, 4ª ed., México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 1981.

----, Visión de los vencidos. Relaciones indígenas de la conquista, 13ª ed., México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1992.

----, La filosofía náhuatl, estudiada en sus fuentes, 5ª ed., México, D. F., Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/ Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, 1984.

----, “Yancuic Tlahtolli: Palabra nueva. Una antología de la literatura náhuatl contemporánea”, Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl (México), vol. 18, 1987.

----, Literaturas indígenas de México, Madrid, Editorial Mapfre, 1992.

Lockhart, James, The Nahuas after the Conquest. A social and cultural history of central Mexico, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, Standford, Stanford University Press, 1992.

Robertson, Donald, Mexican Manuscript painting of the early Colonial period, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1959.

Sahagún, Fray Bernandino de, Historia general de las cosas de la Nueva España, 4 vols. Edición kichiw Ángel Ma. Garibay K., México, D. F., Editorial Porrúa, 1956.